• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.545-553
• /
• 2012

In Asia, including Japan and Korea, rice paddies occupy the largest cultivated area in agricultural land. Rice paddies provide the habitats for many organisms including endemic species, sustaining high biodiversity. Insect natural enemies inhabiting rice paddies have an important function for rice production as agents of 'ecosystem services' because they play a major role in suppressing rice pests. The diversity and abundance of natural enemies can be a good index reflecting the 'healthiness' of agro-ecosystem services in rice paddies. The present study investigates whether insect natural enemies could be good biological indicators for general arthropod biodiversity and agricultural practice. First, the concept of ideal bio-indicators was summarized. The strategy to explore and select such bio-indicators was then proposed. Lastly, field survey was made to evaluate the abundance and biodiversity of natural enemies in Japanese rice paddies where chemical inputs, i.e., insecticide use, were different. The results showed that reduction of chemical inputs led to an increase in species richness or diversity of natural enemies including parasitoids and predators. Then, the data were analyzed to examine suitable indicator species to assess environmental soundness of agricultural practice and biodiversity in rice paddies. The density of several species of natural enemies did respond both to pesticide use and to general arthropod biodiversity. The analyses thus have indicated that natural enemies can be suitable as bio-indicators. Usefulness of indicator species in rice paddies is discussed in the context of ecologically sound agriculture.

• Convergence Security Journal
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2013

What is national security? National security is reduced for state national security. At present, national security threats can be divided into main enemies and potential ones and main enemies are separated inside and external ones. Arnold Toynbee said, "The destruction of the state is starting not from outside but from inside". This means we must be aware of inside enemies. How much do we know of the internal enemies who are trying to divide the people and overthrow the state? This paper focuses on corresponding strategies to depend our democratic state against inside enemies who penetrate all sectors of society and fabricate rumors, incite violence, and even try to overthrow our legitimate state with the base on the lessons of past West Germany case.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 2018

In the present study, nine species of the family Braconidae are recorded for the first time from Korea: Bassus ussuriensis (Telenga), Amyosoma yanoi (Watanabe), Calcaribracon nipponensis (Watanabe), Doryctes gyljak Telenga, Rhaconotus signipennis (Walker), Allurus lituratus (Haliday), Hellenius dadianshanicus Belokobylskij, Homolobus rufiventralis Maeto, and Aulacocentrum confusum He & Achterberg. Diagnosis and photographs for the species are provided.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.60 no.3
• /
• pp.287-304
• /
• 2021

Since 1995, researches on natural enemies have been conducted extensively in Korea. Research papers on natural enemies published in the Korean Journal of Applied Entomology from 1990 to 2020 were 130, which is 8.4% of all published papers during the same period. In 1990s, most research papers study the searching and biological characteristics of natural enemies, whereas the proportion of research papers related to the field application using the developed natural enemies has been increasing since 2010s. A total of 37 excellent natural enemies have been developed including 24 indigenous and 13 introduced natural enemies. In addition, 28 kinds of booklets and/or manuals were developed for field application of natural enemies. Although successes in research and development have been achieved since that period, more researches on search for and/or introduction of excellent natural enemy suitable for the Korean cultivation environment, mass production technology that can reduce cost, and quality control program in producing and distributing natural enemy remain to be pursued in the future. Furthermore, there is a need to develop the technology that can be used in compatible way with natural enemies and other crop protection agents including synthetic insecticides.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.256-265
• /
• 1995

The effect ground-cover weeds on the occurrence of apple pests and their natural enemies was studied in an apple orchard in Ahnsung, Kyung-gi do during seasons of 1993 and 1994. The major apple pests and their parasitoids and predators were surveyed on the apple tree canopy in tow experimental plots; a weed-free lot where all weeds were removed by herbicide treatment, and a mowed plot where weeds were allowed restrictly by cutting with an asickle. Also, a sweep net sampling was taken from ground-cover weeds in the mowed plot. There were no significant differences in the abundance of mite and aphids between two plots, although mite densities tend to be lower in the mowed plot. The apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella, was significantly fewer in the mowed plot,. The densities of natural enemies of mites and aphids were slightly higher in the mowed plot. The parasitism of apple leaf miner in the mowed plot was 6~10% and 20~25% higher than that in the weed-free plot in 1993 and 994, respectively. Several natural enemies such as Apanteles kuwayamai (Braconidae), Orius sauteri (Anthocoridae), Chrysopa sp. (Chrysopidae), coccinellidae, and Eulophidae were collected both from weeds and the apple trees, However, potential apple pests were not observed on weeds. The development of insect community on the apple tree canopy was restricted by the pesticide spray on apple trees, while the insect community on weeds was maintained without significant destruction by pesticides spray on apple trees. Consequentely, the ground-cover weeds under apple trees affected occurrences of apple pests and their natural enemies in apple trees. te specialist natural enemies such as apple leaf miner's parasitoids dispersed from weeds to the apple canopy and affected apple leaf miner density significantly. However, generalist predators that have preys available on weeds stayed on weeds, hence their control effects for mites and aphids on the apple canopy were low.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 2003

Uzi fly (Exorista bombycis Louis) is one of the major larval endo-parasitoid of silkworm (Bombyx mori). It causes extensive damage to sericulture industry. The application of synthetic organic pesticides has tremendous impact on minimizing pest population but their overuse and frequent misuse and high sensitivity towards the silkworms, has forced the entomologists to search for alternatives to chemical control, which is safe to silkworm, environment and farm workers. Biological control continues to offer exciting possibilities for the control of fly pest population. It is environmentally safe alternative to chemical control and offering a long-term protection. Several potential hymenopteran parasitoids have been screened. Among successful natural enemies, Nesolynx thymus, Trichomalopsis apanteloctena, Trichopria sp., Brachymeria lasus, Pediobius sp., Spalangia sp., Spilomicrus karnatakensis and Dhirhinus sp. are important. It is essential to predict accurately the efficacy of these natural enemies in a new habitat prior to its introduction. The important desirable attributes of these potential parasitoids viz., host searching capacity, specificity, power of increase and fitness and adaptability of the parasitoid in new environment has been recorded. Results of the host parasitoid interaction indicate that the aging of the host function as a factor that influence the host finding efficiency of the parasitoid. It is highly scored with 15-20 hrs old pupa of the host. However, aging of the parasitoid does not significantly affect it. The sex ratio is female biased which is advantageous from biological control point of view, Biological suppression methods involving conservation and utilization of natural enemies have been discussed in detail.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.295-299
• /
• 2017

In the present study, one species of the subfamily Doryctinae, Spathius depressithorax Belokobylskij, 1998, is reported for the first time from Korea. A diagnosis and photographs for the species are provided. Also, a total of 13 species of the genus Spathius Nees, 1819 known from Korea is presented with synonymies and distributional ranges.

• Journal of Apiculture
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2019

Pollinators play important roles for crop production as well as maintenance of wild plants' reproduction. Pollinator dependency in Korean agriculture have increased, but the degradation of habitat quality pose significant threats to pollination in agroecosystem. Provisioning flower habitat is one of the major activities to increase pollinator abundance and richness. We tested the effect of flower habitat supplementation on the pollinator, pest and natural enemy abundance in pepper field. Results showed that Hymenopteran pollinators were more abundant in the pepper plots close to the flower habitat. Among natural enemies, the similar pattern from pollinators was observed to parasitoids in the family of Eulophidae, but not to those of Ichneumonidae. There were no statistically significant differences of insect pests like aphids and thrips, as well as pepper production among plots in the pepper field. Even limited spatial scale, this study showed supplementing the flowering plant habitat to the agricultural landscape could conserve and boost pollinators and natural enemies, and possibly resulting better fruit production by pollination service.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.255-266
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to examine the effects of grass vegetation (W: manual weeding, NW: herbicide sprays) and pyrethroid spray (P: pyrethroid spray, NP: no pyrethroid spray) on the population dynamics of Panonychus citri and natural enemies in citrus orchards. Two essential hypothesis were made to test the population dynamics: 1) weed planting promotes natural enemies by offering habitat and alternative food sources, resulting in the reduction of P. citri populations, and 2) pyrethroid spray removes natural enemies by its non-selective toxicity, resulting in the increasement of P. citri populations. The observed natural enemy populations (mainly Phytoseiids and Agistemus sp.) were not different largely from the expected values in the hypothesis, which assumes more abundant natural enemies in weeds and no pyrethroid plots. Although some discrepancy was occurred in NW+NP and W+NP plots in 2011, the observed values were almost same with expected values in 2012. In overall, pesticide effect was strongly significant and pyrthroids removed largely natural enemies. Although habitat (weeds) effect showed a conflict result, natural enemy population increased in plots allowing weed growth, when considering the increased autumn population relatively compared to that of spring-summer population. The decreased abnormal P. citri populations in pyrethroid plots could be explained under the assumption of a strong repellent behavior of P. citri to the pyrethroids.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.147-147
• /
• 2015