• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.927-935
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• 2018

Various amounts of buckwheat powder (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) were added to emulsion-type pork sausages. The effects of buckwheat powder on the physicochemical characteristics of the emulsion type sausages, including proximate composition, cooking yield, viscosity, pH, instrumental color, texture profile analysis (TPA), and sensory evaluation, were determined. Increased levels of added buckwheat powder led to higher moisture (p<0.05), ash content (p<0.05 or >0.05), and cooking yield (p<0.05). However, the protein and fat contents of the sausage samples were lower (p<0.05) with higher levels of added buckwheat powder. The instrumental color and pH values were affected by the addition of buckwheat powder, which has a pH of 6.1 and associated color coordinates of $L^*=75.0$, $a^*=1.3$, and $b^*=8.7$. Meat batter with 3% buckwheat powder was shown the highest (p<0.05) viscosity indicating great formation of emulsion. There were no significant differences in the TPA among the treated samples. The viscosity value increased with increasing cooking yield in the batter ($r^2=0.7283$) i.e. the correlation coefficient between the two measurements was very high and positive. For sensory traits except for tenderness, the highest scores (p<0.05) was detected on sausages with 3% added buckwheat powder by a panel. These results suggest that the addition of 3% buckwheat powder to emulsion-type sausages produces a more beneficial meat product, with a lower fat content, greater formation of emulsion and no adverse effects on sensory properties.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2004

Rates of chemical absorption of $CO_2$ in water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion were measured in a flat-stirred vessel at $25^{\circ}C$. The w/o emulsion was composed of aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) droplets as a dispersed phase and non-Newtonian viscoelastic benzene solutions of polybutene (PB) and polyisobutylene (PIB) as a continuous phase. The liquid-side-mass transfer coefficient ($k_L$) was obtained from the dimensionless empirical equation containing Deborah number expressed as the properties of pseudoplasticity of the non-Newtonian liquid. $k_L$ was used to estimate the enhancement factor due to chemical reaction between $CO_2$ and MEA in the aqueous phase. PIB with elastic property of non-Newtonian liquid made the rate of chemical absorption of $CO_2$ accelerate compared with Newtonian liquid.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.289-289
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• 2006

The carboxylated MWNTs were successfully prepared by conventional acid treatment, and their structures were confirmed by FT-IR, Raman and TEM analysis. The water-dispersibility of the surface modified WNTs were good. The COOH-MWNT will show better stability during the emulsion polymerization as compared with Pristine MWNT. In-situ emulsion polymerizations of methyl methacrylate N(MMA) and n-butyl acrylate (BA) were carried out. Aggregate size and dispersion stability of the CNTs in water phase were measured using dynamic light scattering, turbidity, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and electron microscope. In addition, thermo-mechanical properties of MWNT/polymer nanocomposites were investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

Stable polyaniline-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid(PANI-DBSA) fully dissolved in toluene was obtained by a direct one-step emulsion polymerization technique. By using the proper molar ratio of APS/aniline monomer and DBSA/aniline monomer, the highest conductivity(7 S/cm) of PANI was obtained. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of PANI confirmed PANI is emeraldine salt form. PANI/styrene polymers (polystyrene and styrene-butadiene copolymer) blends were prepared by mixing PANI solution with polymers in toluene. These blends exhibited the conductivity of 10$\^$-4/-10$\^$-3/ S/cm at 1 wt. % of PANI content. The mechanical property of conducting blend was decreased and TGA thermograms of conducting blends were similar to that of PANI. It had been checked that the flatness of coating layers of conducting blends decreased with increasing conducting components. It was also found that the morphology of blends was setting closer to that of PANI at higher conducting component contents.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 2015

Polyvinylacetate (PVAc) was prepared using thermal initiation and redox initiation via emulsion polymerization at $80^{\circ}C$. The polymerization conditions had a significant effect on the properties of the synthesized PVAc. When hydrogen peroxide and tartaric acid as the initiator for redox polymerization were used, the synthesized PVAc had a low molecular weight. In comparison with thermal polymerization, smaller PVAc particles were formed during the redox polymerization due to relatively faster polymerization rate, which in turn resulted in improved adhesion property. It is considered that the rapid generation of smaller particles induces the formation of a large surface area.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.610-617
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• 2009

The stability of corn oil-in-water emulsions coated by milk proteins, sodium caseinate (CAS), or whey protein concentrate (WPC), was compared under the environmental stress of pH change. Emulsions were prepared at 0.1 of protein:oil because the majority of droplets were relatively small ($d_{32}=0.34$ and $0.35\;{\mu}m$, $d_{43}=0.65$ and $0.37\;{\mu}m$ for CAS- and WPC-emulsions, respectively) and there was no evidence of depletion flocculation. As the pH of the emulsions was gradually dropped from 7 to 3, there was no significant difference in the electrical charges of the emulsion droplets between the 2 types of emulsions. However, laser diffraction measurements, microscopy measurements, and creaming stability test indicated that WPC-emulsions were more stable to droplet aggregation than CAS-emulsions under the same circumstance of pH change. It implies that factors other than electrostatic repulsion should contribute to the different magnitude of response to pH change.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to determine if Scutellaria baicalensis can be used in cosmetic emulsion cream for patients with atopic dermatitis. Methods : Scutellaria baicalensis extract was obtained with the use of butylene glycol through the pressurized solvent extraction(PSE). The antioxidative activity was assessed through SOD-like activity measurement and skin irritating potential was tested using human patch test. Antimicrobial activity was measured by the clear zone formed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the rheological effects on the emulsion creams were examined using oscillation test. Results : The SOD-like activity increased dose-dependently and was about 90% at 1,000ppm of Scutellaria baicalesis extract. And Scutellaria baicalensis extract did not show any potential to be irritating to the human skin, but it could not be used as an antimicrobial agent for its poor antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The complex modulus decreased by 1,000 pascals and the loss angle also decreased by 20% with the addition of Scutellaria baicalensis extract into the cosmetic emulsion creams, that is, the extract can confer more elastic property on the vehicle. Conclusion : From those results, Scutellaria baicalensis extract can be effectively used as an antioxidant and reinforces the elastic skincare film formed by the application of cream for patients with atopic dermatitis.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2003

A microcellular, which combines a rubber with the conventional formulation of styrene/divinylbenzene/sorbitan monooleate/water system, was prepared using high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerization. Although the open microcellular foam with low density from the conventional HIPE polymerization shows highly porous characteristics with fine, regular and isotropic structure, the one having much smaller cell size is desirable for various applications. In this study, a polybutadiene was introduced to reduce the cell size with comparable properties. Major interests were focused on the effects of rubber concentration and agitation speed on the cell sizes and compression properties. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the microcellular morphology and compression tests were conducted to evaluate the stress-strain behaviors. It was found that the cell size decreased as rubber concentration increased, reflecting a competition between the higher viscosity of continuous phase and the lower viscosity ratio of dispersed to continuous phases due to the addition of high molecular weight rubber into the oil phase of emulsion. A correlation for the average cell size depending on agitation speed was attempted and the result was quite satisfactory.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 1995

Chitosan microcapsules and microbeads were prepared by W/O emulsion method, and their morphologies were observed through SEM. The microcapsules have skin layer of 8 Um and 250 Um of mean diameter, The swelling test showed higher s welling ability in protic solvents than in aphotic solvents. After containing moth-yl violet in the microcapsules, the release patterns were investigated. The results sho wed that the addition of Iysozyme in pH 5.1 acetate buffer accelerated the re-lease rate. In case of the microbeads, the mean diameter was about 70 Um. The surface of the microbeads showed porous structures. The swelling ability of the beads revealed two times higher than the one of the microcapsules.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.671-677
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• 2012

In this study, the characteristics of emulsified fuel and engine emissions were studied with an engine dynamometer. In the results of physical property analysis, the margin of error of net calorific value and gross calorific value was ${\pm}0.5%$, were almost same theoretical calculation and results of physical property analysis test. In emulsified fuel, density and viscosity increased with increasing water contents. Emulsified fuel which is composed of water and Bunker-A was manufactured by using homogenizer and ultrasonic generator in $80^{\circ}C$. Phase separation did not take place in $20^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$. In the results of engine dynamometer test, NOx concentration and smoke density were reduced with increasing water contents in using emulsified fuel. Total NOx could be reduced by about 41%, 10%, 32% and 28% at 1,000 rpm, 1,200 rpm, 1,500 rpm and 2,500 rpm respectively. Total smoke density was reduced to 42%, 65%, 70%, 62%, and 82% at 1,000 rpm, 1,200 rpm, 1,500 rpm, 2,000 rpm, and 2,500 rpm respectively.