• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.574-583
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• 2008

The results of HAPs emission data using TRI (Toxic Release Inventory), SODAM (Source Data Management system) were investigated and the emissions of 7 heavy metals from their sources and emission processes were also analyzed. Questionnaire for source data analysis as well as the stack sampling were carried out for 17 factories among 6 selected industrial types. The annual amount of emissions was estimated based on the measured concentration and flow rates. All sources were operated with high efficiency control devices and the concentration levels of all heavy metals were shown to be below 0.1 to of regulation standard. The highest emission source of heavy metals was steel manufacturing industry with the annual emission of 342.9 kg/yr and followed by hazardous waste incinerator, paint manufacturing, nonferrous metal manufacturing, rolling & press goods manufacturing and storage battery manufacturing. In the case of Hg, the emissions were quite significant from electric acros of steel manufacturing industry, although the concentration level was below the emission standard, showing the necessity of specific care for its management.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Generally, nitrogen (N) fertilization higher than the recommended dose is applied during vegetable cultivation to increase productivity. But higher N fertilization also increases the concentrations of nitrate ions and nitrous oxide in soil. In this experiment, the impact of N fertilization was studied on nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission to standardize the optimum fertilization level for minimizing $N_2O$ emission as well as increasing crop productivity. Herein, we developed $N_2O$ emission inventory for upland soil region during red pepper and Chinese milk vetch cultivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nitrogen fertilizers were applied at different rates to study their effect on $N_2O$ emission during red pepper and Chinese milk vetch cultivation. The gas samples were collected by static closed chamber method and $N_2O$ concentration was measured by gas chromatography. The total $N_2O$ flux was steadily increased due to increasing N fertilization level, though the overall pattern of $N_2O$ emission dynamics was same. Application of N fertilization higher than the recommended dose increased the values of both seasonal $N_2O$ flux (94.5% for Chinese cabbage and 30.7% for red pepper) and $N_2O$ emission per unit crop yield (77.9% for Chinese cabbage and 23.2% for red pepper). Nitrous oxide inventory revealed that the $N_2O$ emission due to unit amount of N application from short-duration vegetable field in fall (autumn) season (6.36 kg/ha) was almost 70% higher than that during summer season. CONCLUSION: Application of excess N-fertilizers increased seasonal $N_2O$ flux especially the $N_2O$ flux per unit yield during both Chinese cabbage and red pepper cultivation. This suggested that the higher N fertilization than the recommended dose actually facilitates $N_2O$ emission than boosting plant productivity. The $N_2O$ inventory for upland farming in temperate region like Korea revealed that $N_2O$ flux due to unit amount of N-fertilizer application for Chinese cabbage in fall (autumn) season was comparatively higher than that of summer vegetables like red pepper. Therefore, the judicious N fertilization following recommended dose is required to suppress $N_2O$ emission with high vegetable productivity in upland soils.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.689-733
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• 2011

This study evaluates a novel scheme to trade sulfur dioxide emission permits subject to non-uniform rates. These rates are based on generators' marginal costs of compliance with environmental policy in a hypothesized least social-cost solution. This scheme is compared against the existing trading program used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, featuring permits tradable one for one. Both policies are modeled to yield identical aggregate emissions. A numerical partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry is used to infer sulfur dioxide concentrations and health damages, as well as producer and consumer surplus, under the two policies. Regional pollution levels are found to vary across the two policies significantly. The system of exchange rates is estimated to outperform the uniform-trading scheme by $2.2 billion in industry profits and $2.1 billion in health damages, but to reduce consumer surplus by $6.7 billion. Paradoxically, exchange rates are thus estimated to lower total welfare by $2.5 billion. This is due to conceptual mechanism-design problems, as well as empirical issues.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.178-191
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• 2018

The concentrations and chemical compositions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including volatile fatty acids, phenols, indoles, aldehydes, and ketones, which are the main organic compounds generated by swine, were investigated in July and October 2016 and January 2017. In addition, the emission rates and annual emissions of these components from the swine shed were estimated. The concentrations of VOCs in the swine shed averaged $511.3{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in summer, $315.5{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in fall and $218.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in winter. Acetone, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were the predominant components of the VOCs, accounting for 80-88% of the total VOCs. The hourly variations of VOC concentrations in the swine shed in fall and winter suggest that the VOC concentrations were related to the ventilation rate of the swine shed, the activity of the swine, and the temperature in the swine shed. Accordingly, the emission rates of VOCs from the swine shed were $1-2{\times}10^3{\mu}g(h\;kg-swine)^{-1}$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2002

A field study was conducted to estimate the emission rate of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from pine trees. In addition, the influences of meteological variables on their distribution characteristics have been investigated. A vegetation enclosure chamber was designed and constructed of Tedlar bag and acril. Sorbent tubes made up of Tenax TA and Carbotrap were used to collect biogenic VOCs emitted from each individual tree. Analysis of BVOCs was performed using a GC-FID system. The fundamental analytical parameters including linearity, retention time, recovery efficiency, and breakthrough volume were examined and verified for the determination of monoterpene emission rates. Total average concentration of each component is found to be $\alpha$-pinene (16.5), $\beta$-pinene (4.61) from pine trees, and $\alpha$-pinene (42.4), $\beta$-pinene (18.7 ng(gdw)$^{-1}$ hr$^{-1}$ ) from Korean pine trees. On the basis of our study, $\alpha$-pinene was found to be the major monoterpene emitted from both pine and Korean pine trees which were accompanied by $\beta$-pinene, camphene, and limonene. In ambient air, variable monoterpene compositions of emissions from pine trees were similar to Korean pine trees. Emission rates of monoterpene from each tree were found to depend on such parameters as temperature and solar radiation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.580-588
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• 2024

Microbial communities in mangrove forests have recently been intensively investigated to explain the ecosystem function of mangroves. In this study, the soil microbial communities under young (<11 years-old) and old (>17 years-old) mangroves have been studied during dry and wet seasons. In addition, biogeochemical properties of sediments and methane emission from the two different mangrove ages were measured. The results showed that young and old mangrove soil microbial communities were significantly different on both seasons. Seasons seem to affect microbial communities more than the mangrove age does. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were two top abundant phyla showing >15%. Physio-chemical properties of sediment samples showed no significant difference between mangrove ages, seasons, nor depth levels, except for TOC showing significant difference between the two seasons. The methane emission rates from the mangroves varied depending on seasons and ages of the mangrove. However, this did not show significant correlation with the microbial community shifts, suggesting that abundance of methanogens was not the driving factor for mangrove soil microbial communities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2012

This study investigated the characteristics of selected volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in newly-finished residential buildings, before the occupants moved in. This investigation was carried out by measuring the indoor and outdoor concentrations of selected VOCs before the occupants moved in and by utilizing an indoor mass balance model. Among 25 target VOCs, five aromatics(benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene) were detected in all samples of both indoor and outdoor air. Toluene was most abundant VOC in the indoor air of new apartments, with a median value of 168 mg $m^{-3}$. Unlike other VOCs, halogenated compounds would not be significantly emitted from building materials. The indoor air concentrations of all selected VOCs, except for 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, exhibited significant correlations each other, while for outdoor air concentrations, five aromatics only were significantly correlated between them. The emission rate of toluene was higher for the current study(median value, 76.8 mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$) than for a previous study, while the emission rates of limonene, a-pinene and b-pinene(geometric means of 2.4, 13.8 and 9.6 mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, respectively) were lower and the emission rates of m,p-xylene and 2-butanone(geometric means of 10.9 and 21.3 mg $m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, respectively) were similar. Although there were a few exceptions, the emission strengths are likely proportional to indoor temperature, and appear to reversely proportional to air exchange rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3102-3102
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• 2001

Constituents of several .representative seaweeds, such as wakame Undaria pinnatifida; hijikia Hizikia fusifome; and kombu Laminaria japonica, were found to have fairly large reaction rates determined by quenching experiments of emission spectra in the near-infrared region (1max: 1270 nm) from singlet oxygen (102). Emission spectra of singlet oxygen generated from an aqueous solution of Rose Bengal under irradiation with a green laser (330 nm) were measured by a near-infrared (NIR) emission spectrometer constructed in our laboratory. The quenching experiments were as follows: Intensities of emission spectra were measured in the absence (I0) and in the presence of the seaweed constituents (I): Ratios of I0/I were plotted against every concentration of the quenchers (Stern-Volmer plots) which gives a straight line. The slope of each line gives a kqt value which gives a quenching constant kq value (an antioxidative constant against singlet oxygen) when the t value (half-life time of singlet oxygen in the solvent used) was given. The determined reaction rates are between 103-105 (g/l)-ls-1; the larger ones are as large as that of ascorbic acid, 8.4 ${\times}$ 104 (g/1)-ls-1. Most of these seaweed constituents also showed antioxidative activity against auto-oxidation and superoxide as well as their immunological enhancing activity. These results suggest a possibility that dietary fibers which are supposed to prevent the large-intestine cancer by their physical properties may prevent the cancer, at least in parts, by their chemical, antioxidative activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.28-35
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• 2015

In this study, the CH4/air lean-rich combustion system with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was investigated to explore the potential for lowering pollutant emissions. To achieve this purpose, experiments of lean-rich combustion system with EGR were conducted to measure the changes in the characteristics of the pollutant emission and flame shape with various equivalence ratios and EGR rates. Here, this study was applied to the fuel distribution ratio of 3:1 for the formation of the lean and rich flames. Additionally, the results were compared with $CH_4$/air lean premixed combustion system. The results show that flame shape of lean-rich combustion system was determined by lean and rich equivalence ratios (${\Phi}_L$ and ${\Phi}_R$) and stratified flame was formed with increasing ${\Phi}_R$. According to the pollutant emission characteristics based on experimental results, the NOx and CO emission index (EINOx and EICO) decreased with increasing EGR rate. Especially, in the range needed to form a stable flame, the reduction rates of EINOx and EICO were approximately 47% and 48% for an EGR rate of 25%, global equivalence ratio of 0.85 and ${\Phi}_L$ of 0.80 compared with lean premixed combustion system (${\Phi}$ = 0.78).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Generally, nitrogen (N) fertilization higher than the recommended dose is applied during vegetable cultivation for increasing in productivity. However, excessive N application rate beyond plant requirement could cause adverse environmental impact such as nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emission. In this experiment, the impacts of N fertilization was studied on nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission to standardize the optimum fertilization level for minimizing of $N_2O$ emission as well as most of the crop productivity. Herein, we assessed the $N_2O$ emission in the flat upland soil which was cultivated with different N application rates on red pepper for 3 years (2010~2012). $N_2O$ emission was measured in chemical N fertilizer amounts 0 (N 0), 95 (N 0.5), 190 (N 1.0), $380(N_2.0)kgha^{-1}$ by using the abnormal shape chamber closed repeating three times. In average for 3 years, the total $N_2O$ emissions of each treatment in field of soybean were 2.110 (N 0), 3.165 (N 0.5), 5.039 (N 1.0), and $7.228(N_2.0)kgN_2Oha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. And then the primary regression between nitrogen fertilizer amount and the total $N_2O$ emission was showed as y = 0.0138x + 2.0942 ($r^2=0.9885$), and an average of the emission factor was $EF_1$ 0.0148(0.0118~0.0191) $N_2O-NkgN^{-1}kg^{-1}$ from 2010 to 2012. The result was a little higher than the emission default of the IPCC 1996 Guideline ($EF_1$ 0.0125) when the results are converted into $N_2O$ emission factor.