• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.732-750
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• 2019

천연건조 중 목재의 함수율 변화 예측모형을 제시하기 위하여 15본의 소나무 원목에 대한 천연건조를 수행하였다. 초기함수율이 68.7%인 6본의 소나무 원목에 대하여 여름철에 천연건조를 시작한 후 약 880일이 경과한 후의 최종함수율은 17.4%이었다. 초기함수율이 35.8%인 9본의 소나무 원목에 대하여 겨울철에 천연건조를 시작한 후 약 760일이 경과한 후의 최종함수율은 16.0%이었다. 소나무 원목의 말구지름, 온도, 상대습도, 풍속을 독립변수로 결정하고, 천연건조 중 감소한 함수율을 종속변수로 다중회귀분석을 진행한 결과, 결정계수 0.925의 회귀모형을 얻을 수 있었다. 소나무 원목의 특성인 초기함수율과 말구지름이 기상조건인 온도, 상대습도, 풍속에 비하여 천연건조 중 함수율 감소에 미치는 영향이 더 크게 나타났다. 천연건조 중 내부함수율의 분포 및 함수율 변화를 예측하기 위하여 2차원 물질전달 해석을 수행하였다. 건조일수를 서로 다르게 적용하고, 수분확산계수 및 표면방사계수를 결정하는 기상조건을 다르게 적용한 2가지의 예측모형을 제시하였다. 2가지 적용 방법의 오차는 0.1 - 0.8%의 범위였으며, 측정값과의 차이는 2.2 - 3.6%의 범위였다. 다양한 초기함수율과 말구지름의 소나무 원목에 대한 천연건조 중 내부함수율을 측정하고, 각각의 기상조건에 대한 목재 내 수분이동계수를 산출하면 예측모형의 오차를 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2020

Objectives Amyloid β positron emission tomography (Aβ PET) is widely used as a diagnostic tool in patients who have symptoms of cognitive impairment, however, this diagnostic examination is too expensive. Thus, predicting the positivity of Aβ PET before patients undergo the examination is essential. We aimed to analyze clinical predictors of patients who underwent Aβ PET retrospectively, and to develop a predicting model of Aβ PET positivity. Methods 468 patients who underwent Aβ PET with cognitive impairment were recruited and their clinical indicators were analyzed retrospectively. We specified the primary outcome as Aβ PET positivity, and included variables such as age, sex, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, education, dementia family history, Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Box (CDR-SB), hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and presence of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) E4 as potential predictors. We developed three final models of amyloid positivity prediction for total subjects, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia using a multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and the area under curve (AUC) value was calculated for the ROC curve. Results Aβ PET negative patients were 49.6% (n = 232), and Aβ PET positive patients were 50.4% (n = 236). In the final model of all subjects, older age, female sex, presence of ApoE E4 and lower MMSE are associated with Aβ PET positivity. The AUC value was 0.296. In the final model of MCI subjects (n = 244), older age and presence of ApoE E4 are associated with Aβ PET positivity. The AUC value was 0.725. In the final model of AD subjects (n = 173), lower MMSE scores, the presence of ApoE E4 and history of HTN are associated with Aβ PET positivity. The AUC value was 0.681. Conclusions The cerebral amyloid positivity model, which was based on commonly available clinical indicators, can be useful for prediction of amyloid PET positivity in MCI or AD patients.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2022

To understand the distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 concentration in the Saemangeum Reclamation Area and nearby areas, three points of the background area, the occurrence area, and the affected area were selected and samples were collected for each season. The chemical composition was determined. As a result of analyzing the chemical composition contained in PM_2.5, NO₃^- (7.2 ㎍/m³), SO₄^2- (4.3 ㎍/m³), NH₄+ (4.3 ㎍/m³), OC (2.5 ㎍/m³), Si (1.3 ㎍/m³) m³) and EC (0.5 ㎍/m³) seemed to be the main components, and NO₃-, SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺, which are components that form secondary particles, occupied a large proportion. The composition ratio of PM_2.5 was investigated in the order of ion component (56.8%) > Unknown (27.4%) > carbon component (11.8%) > heavy metal component (4.0%). During the PM_2.5 high concentration case days, the ionic component accounted for 90.7% during atmospheric stagnation cases, whereas the chemical composition ratio was in the order of ionic component (51.7%) > heavy metal component (41.5%) > carbon component (6.8%) during yellow dust cases. It was found that the characteristic of PM_2.5 in the Saemangeum reclaimed land and surrounding areas is mainly influenced by outside (domestic and overseas) throughout the year. Ion components accounted for the largest portion of PM_2.5 components in this area, but there were few sources of SOx and NOx emission in the Seamangeum area, which are precursors for secondary particle formation. Therefore, it is judged that most of these are generated and influenced as a secondary reaction in the atmosphere from the outside.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2023

Objective: To develop and test a machine learning model for classifying human papillomavirus (HPV) status of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) PET-derived parameters in derived parameters and an appropriate combination of machine learning methods in patients with OPSCC. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 126 patients (118 male; mean age, 60 years) with newly diagnosed, pathologically confirmed OPSCC, that underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET-computed tomography (CT) between January 2012 and February 2020. Patients were randomly assigned to training and internal validation sets in a 7:3 ratio. An external test set of 19 patients (16 male; mean age, 65.3 years) was recruited sequentially from two other tertiary hospitals. Model 1 used only PET parameters, Model 2 used only clinical features, and Model 3 used both PET and clinical parameters. Multiple feature transforms, feature selection, oversampling, and training models are all investigated. The external test set was used to test the three models that performed best in the internal validation set. The values for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were compared between models. Results: In the external test set, ExtraTrees-based Model 3, which uses two PET-derived parameters and three clinical features, with a combination of MinMaxScaler, mutual information selection, and adaptive synthetic sampling approach, showed the best performance (AUC = 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-1). Model 3 outperformed Model 1 using PET parameters alone (AUC = 0.48, p = 0.047) and Model 2 using clinical parameters alone (AUC = 0.52, p = 0.142) in predicting HPV status. Conclusion: Using oversampling and mutual information selection, an ExtraTree-based HPV status classifier was developed by combining metabolic parameters derived from ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and clinical parameters in OPSCC, which exhibited higher performance than the models using either PET or clinical parameters alone.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.986-997
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• 2022

Objective: Whether metabolic redistribution occurs in patients with white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unknown. This study aimed 1) to propose a measure of the brain metabolic network for an individual patient and preliminarily apply it to identify impaired metabolic networks in patients with WMHs, and 2) to explore the clinical and imaging features of metabolic redistribution in patients with WMHs. Materials and Methods: This study included 50 patients with WMHs and 70 healthy controls (HCs) who underwent ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/MRI. Various global property parameters according to graph theory and an individual parameter of brain metabolic network called "individual contribution index" were obtained. Parameter values were compared between the WMH and HC groups. The performance of the parameters in discriminating between the two groups was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The correlation between the individual contribution index and Fazekas score was assessed, and the interaction between age and individual contribution index was determined. A generalized linear model was fitted with the individual contribution index as the dependent variable and the mean standardized uptake value (SUV_mean) of nodes in the whole-brain network or seven classic functional networks as independent variables to determine their association. Results: The means ± standard deviations of the individual contribution index were (0.697 ± 10.9) × 10^-3 and (0.0967 ± 0.0545) × 10^-3 in the WMH and HC groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The AUC of the individual contribution index was 0.864 (95% confidence interval, 0.785-0.943). A positive correlation was identified between the individual contribution index and the Fazekas scores in patients with WMHs (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). Age and individual contribution index demonstrated a significant interaction effect on the Fazekas score. A significant direct association was observed between the individual contribution index and the SUV_mean of the limbic network (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The individual contribution index may demonstrate the redistribution of the brain metabolic network in patients with WMHs.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.671-682
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• 2019

Objective: To investigate whether computed tomography (CT) and fluorine-18-labeled fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) may be applied to distinguish thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) from benign cysts in the anterior mediastinum. Materials and Methods: We included 262 consecutive patients with pathologically proven TETs and benign cysts 5 cm or smaller who underwent preoperative CT scans. In addition to conventional morphological and ancillary CT findings, the relationship between the lesion and the adjacent mediastinal pleura was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Mean lesion attenuation was measured on CT images. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was obtained with FDG-PET scans in 40 patients. CT predictors for TETs were identified with multivariate logistic regression analysis. For validation, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy and inter-observer agreement between four radiologists in a size-matched set of 24 cysts and 24 TETs using a receiver operating characteristic curve before and after being informed of the study findings. Results: The multivariate analysis showed that post-contrast attenuation of 60 Hounsfield unit or higher (odds ratio [OR], 12.734; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.506-64.705; p = 0.002) and the presence of protrusion from the mediastinal pleura (OR, 9.855; 95% CI, 1.749-55.535; p = 0.009) were the strongest CT predictors for TETs. SUVmax was significantly higher in TETs than in cysts (5.3 ± 2.4 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3; p < 0.001). After being informed of the study findings, the readers' area under the curve improved from 0.872-0.955 to 0.949-0.999 (p = 0.066-0.149). Inter-observer kappa values for protrusion were 0.630-0.941. Conclusion: Post-contrast CT attenuation, protrusion from the mediastinal pleura, and SUVmax were useful imaging features for distinguishing TETs from cysts in the anterior mediastinum.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the EIA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last decade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increased as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

목적: 유방암의 감별진단에서 기존의 유방 초음파 검사나 핵의학 유방SPECT의 진단성능에는 한계가 있다. 저자들은 초음파 컴퓨터진단시스템(CAD: computer aided diagnosis)의 적용에 의하여 유방 SPECT의 진단성능이 향상되는지를 알아보았다. 대상 및 방법: 유방초음파 및 유방 SPECT(Tc-99m tetrofosmin)를 시행하고 수술후 확진된 여자환자 40명(21명:악성종양, 19명:양성병변)의 영상자료를 분석하였다. 유방초음파영상을 컴퓨터분석 소프트웨어를 이용하여 병변의 경계를 분리한 후, 영상의 형태학적 특성들을 추출하였다. 초음파영상에서 추출된 형태학적 특성 중에서 감별능력이 있는 것으로 판단된 특성들을 골라 정량화하였다. 정량화된 형태학적 특성값들을 유방SPECT에서 구한 병변 대 반대측 유방의 방사능비와 판별분석에 의하여 결합하여 새로운 파라메터인 D-수치를 산출하였다. 유방SPECT의 병변 방사능비, 유방초음파 컴퓨터진단시스템의 악성확률 및 두가지를 결합한 D-수치에 대하여 수신자판단특성곡선(ROC curve) 분석을 이용하여 최적 판별 수치(cut-off value)를 구하고 이에 의한 유방암 진단의 예민도, 특이도 및 정확도를 계산하여 유방 SPECT과 초음파 컴퓨터진단시스템의 결합에 의한 진단성능을 기존의 유방 SPECT의 진단성능과 비교하였다. 결과: ROC curve분석상에서 유방암 진단에 대한 성능은 유방초음파의 컴퓨터 분석시스템 및 유방SPECT 각각 모두 우수하였다(area under curve=0.831 and 0.846). 두 결과를 통계적인 방법으로 결합하였을 때 ROC curve분석의 area under curve는(0.860) 향상되었으나, 최적 판별 수치(cut-off value)에 의한 유방암 진단의 예민도, 특이도 및 정확도에는 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 결론: 유방초음파의 컴퓨터분석시스템의 결과를 유방 SPECT에 적용하여 유방암의 진단성능을 향상시킬 수 있었지만 통계적으로는 유의하지 못하였다. 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 산업용 보일러에서 적용할 수 있는 실질적인 산소부화 연소기술을 개발하는데 있다. 일차적으로 실험실 규모의 연소기에서 연소용 산화제를 공기에서 산소로 대체할 경우 화염특성 및 배출 오염물질의 특성변화를 수치해석을 통해 조직적으로 연구하였다. 첫 번째로 증가된 산소부화량의 결과로 나타나는 화염은 길고 가는 층류형상의 화염모양을 보여주고 있는데 이것은 산화제 중에서 질소성분이 감소함으로써 약화된 난류혼합효과에 기인하는 것으로 판단하였으며 문헌에 발표된 실험결과와 그 경향이 일치하였다. 그리고 산소부화효과는 $N_2$ 가스에 의한 현열손실과 희석효과를 감소시키므로 연소로 내 화염온도를 실질적으로 크게 증가시키고 또한 $CO_2$와 $H_2O$ 농도분율을 증가시킨다. 그러나 100% 순산소 연소가 아닌 경우 산소부화량 증가에 의한 화염온도의 증가는 thermal $NO_x$ 발생을 크게 증가시키는 결과를 초래하였다. 이러한 산소부화에 따른 고온 특성에 의한 질소산화물의 생성문제와 산화제의 유량 감소에 따른 화염의 안정성 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 발생한 이산화탄소를 적절하게 재순환시키는 문제와 기타 운전 조건의 조절에 의한 방법이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 예를 들어 화염의 버너선회와 형상변화가 연소특성에 미치는 영향을 고려하기 위하여 버너의 선회각을 변화하여 수치해석을 수행한 결과 $30\sim45^{\circ}$의 버너 선회는 LNG 연료의 연소효율을 증가시키고 동시에 $NO_x$ 발생량을 저감시켰다.상이었다. 5. 총당함량(總糖含量)은 담금기간(期間)에는 각(各) 시험구간(試驗區間)에 큰 차이가 없었으나 성숙후기(成熟後期)에는 조미료(調味料)로서 간장을 첨가(添加)한 제국식(製麴式) 고추장에서 높았다.etection을 통하여 항진균 물질의 분자량은 약 2.4 kDa 정도이며, 항세균 물질의 분자량은 약 4.5 kDa으로_ 확인되었다. 따라서 B. subtilis MJP1은 항진균 활성과 항세균 활성을 가진 bacteriocin-like substances를 생산함을 알 수 있고 이와 같은 새로운 항미생물 물질은 천연 식품보존제 및 사료보존제 뿐만 아니라 항생제 대체 의약품으로도 활용이 기대되며, 이를 위하여 향후 이 물질들의 보다 정확한 구조 및 특성 규명 등의 연구가 필요하다.성도는 1시간째에 최저로 떨어지다가(대조치의 89%, p<0.05)이후 회복하기 시작하여 24시간째에 약간 대조치 이상으로 회복되었다. 5-HT의 turnover rate는 MAO활성도 변화와 거의 같은 변화를 보였다. 2) 만성투여시 (하루 2번, 14일간 투여)는 5-HT 함량, 5-HIAA 함량, MAO 활성도 및 5-HT turnover rate 모두가 중등도로 감소되었다. (각각 대조치의 87%, 69%, 80%, 79%). 3) MAO 활성도와 5-HT turnover rate 사이에는 높은 상관관계가 있었다. (r=0.866, p<0.001, N=94). 4) MAO 활성도의 역동학 실험에서는 대조치에 비해 투여군에서 Km 값은 의미가 있는 증가가 있었으나 $V_{max}$값은 큰 변동이 없었다. 5) d-amphetamine을

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.122-134
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• 2015

본 연구는 낙엽송을 이용한 반탄화 펠릿의 제조 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 수행하였다. 낙엽송 칩을 230, 250, $270^{\circ}C$ 및 30, 50, 70분의 조건에서 반탄화 처리를 각각 실시하였으며, 반탄화 낙엽송 칩의 함수율, 수분흡착률, 발열량, 회분을 측정하여 각 조건에 대한 반탄화 조건의 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 반탄화 낙엽송 칩의 표면을 광학현미경, FE-SEM, SEM-EDXS를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 낙엽송 시편의 리그닌 함량은 반탄화 온도 및 시간 증가와 함께 증가한 반면, 전섬유소 함량은 감소하였다. 함수율은 반탄화 처리하지 않은 칩과 비교하여 급격히 감소하였으며, 수분흡착률은 반탄화 온도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 낙엽송의 발열량 및 회분함량은 반탄화 온도가 높아짐에 따라 증가하였으나, 반탄화 낙엽송 펠릿의 내구성은 무반탄화 낙엽송 펠릿과 비교하여 현저히 낮았다. 낙엽송 칩의 단면을 광학현미경 및 FE-SEM으로 관찰한 결과 반탄화 조건이 강해질수록 재색의 농색화 및 세포벽의 부분적 붕괴를 확인할 수 있었으며, SEM-EDXS 분석을 통하여 반탄화에 따른 리그닌의 분포 확산 및 양의 증가가 확인되었다. 결과를 종합하면, 연료적 특성의 측면에서 $270^{\circ}C$/50분이 낙엽송의 최적 반탄화 조건인 것으로 판단되나, 낙엽송 반탄화 펠릿의 내구성 결과에 따르면 $230^{\circ}C$/30분과 같이 반탄화 처리조건이 강하지 않은 경우에 대하여 고려할 필요성이 있을 것으로 생각한다.