• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.594-603
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• 2009

The genus Bacillus includes a variety of diverse bacterial species, which are widespread throughout the environment due to their ubiquitous nature. A well-known member of the genus, Bacillus cereus, is a food poisoning bacterium causing both emetic and diarrhoeal disease. Other Bacillus species, particularly B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. thuringiensis, have also recently been recognized as causative agents of food poisoning. However, reviews and research pertaining to bacilli have focused on B. cereus. Here, we review the literature regarding the potentially toxigenic Bacillus species and the toxins produced that are associated with food poisoning.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.2-19
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• 2009

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.295-302
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• 2008

Until the middle of the 20th century, exogenous febrile disease was the most common disease that threatened the human health. For a long time, oriental medicine doctors developed many ways to cure this disease by studying pathogenic factors. The phthogenic factors and treatments of exogenous febrile disease with time are as followings. "Naegyeong(內經)" : Cold pathogen. Diaphoretic therapy, purgation therapy. Hwata : Cold pathogen. Diaphoretic therapy, emetic therapy, purgation therapy. Jangjunggyeong(張仲景) : Cold pathogen. Eight principal therapeutic methods except diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties. Yuhagan(劉河間) : Fire pathogen. Diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties. Idongwon(李東垣) : Improper diet and overstrain. Reinforcing therapy. Ouga(吳又可) : Epidemic pathogenic factors. Diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties, Heat-reducing therapy. purgation therapy Seopcheonsa(葉天士) : Warm pathogen. diaphoretic therapy, Heat-reducing therapy, expel Heat therapy, cooling the blood and eliminating stagnation of blood. Oguktong(吳鞠通) : Six pathogenic factors. Eight principal therapeutic methods including diaphoretic therapy with pungent and cool properties.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-51
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• 2003

This study was progressed for oriental medical care of neonates by fetal toxicosis removal therapy, and the results as follows: 1. The purpose of fetal toxicosis removal therapy : It removes dirty blood in neonatal mouth and prevents diseases. 2. Kinds of fetal toxicosis removal therapy : Radix Glycyrrhizae(甘草), Rhizoma Coptidis(黃連), Cinnabaris-Mel(朱蜜), Calculus Bovis(牛黃), Sojae Semen Praepartum, Juice of Semen Allii Tuberosi(非汁) and mercury(汞粉). 3. A period of fetal toxicosis removal therapy : At birth, 3rd day or so, one week or so, after umbilical omission. 4. Methods of fetal toxicosis removal therapy: Purgative therapy(下法) and Emetic therapy(吐法).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2002

Inhibitors of type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) are currently being developed as new therapeutic agents for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and arthritis. Unfortunately, the anti-inflammatory effect of PDE IV inhibitors has been considered to be associated to some extent with vomiting as adverse effect. The first generation PDE IV inhibitor, rolipram, was known to induce emesis at clinical trials. (omitted)

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2001

Purpose : This study is a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy and complication of anti-emetic drugs for prevention of nausea and vomiting after radiotherapy which has moderate emetogenic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the anti-emetic efficacy of ondansetron $(Zofran^{\circledR})$ 8 mg bid dose (Group O) is better than the efficacy of metoclopramide 5 mg lid dose (Group M) in patients undergoing fractionated radiotherapy to the abdominal region. Materials and Methods : Study entry was restricted to those patients who met the following eligibility criteria: histologically confirmed malignant disease; no distant metastasis; performance status of not more than ECOG grade 2; no previous chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Between March 1997 and February 1998, 60 patients enrolled in this study. All patients signed a written statement of informed consent prior to enrollment. Blinding was maintained by dosing identical number of tablets including one dose of matching placebo for Group O. The extent of nausea, appetite loss, and the number of emetic episodes were recorded everyday using diary card. The mean score of nausea, appetite loss and the mean number of emetic episodes were obtained in a weekly interval. Results : Prescription error occurred in one patient. And diary cards have not returned in 3 patients due to premature refusal of treatment. Card from one patient was excluded from the analysis because she had a history of treatment for neurosis. As a result, the analysis consisted of 55 patients. Patient characteristics and radiotherapy characteristics were similar except mean age was $52.9{\pm}11.2$ in group M, $46.5{\pm}9.5$ in group O. The difference of age was statistically significant. The mean score of nausea, appetite loss and emetic episodes in a weekly interval was higher in group M than O. In group M, the symptoms were most significant at 5th week. In a panel data analysis using mixed procedure, treatment group was only significant factor detecting the difference of weekly score for all three symptoms. Ondansetron $(Zofran^{\circledR})$ 8 mg bid dose and metoclopramide 5 mg lid dose were well tolerated without significant side effects. There were no clinically important changes In vital signs or clinical laboratory parameters with either drug. Conclusion : Concerning the fact that patients with younger age have higher emetogenic potential, there are possibilities that age difference between two treatment groups lowered the statistical power of analysis. There were significant difference favoring ondansetron group with respect to the severity of nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. We concluded that ondansetron is more effective anti-emetic agents in the control of radiotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite without significant toxicity, compared with commonly used drug, i.e., metoclopramide. However, there were patients suffering emesis despite the administration of ondansetron. The possible strategies to improve the prevention and the treatment of radiotherapy-induced emesis must be further studied.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.217-227
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• 2023

The consumption of ready-to-eat side dishes is rapidly growing in South Korea. These foods are particularly vulnerable to microbiological contamination as they are often cooked without any treatment, such as heating or stored at room temperature after cooking. Hence, in 2022, we analyzed the ready-to-eat side dishes sold in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea for microbiological contamination. We collected 100 samples from supermarkets in 7 cities, and then examined them for presence of food-borne pathogens and sanitary indicator bacteria. In the analysis of the food-borne pathogens, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens were isolated from 51 samples (51.0%) and 3 samples (3.0%), respectively. However, both quantitatively met the Korean Food Standards Codex. Genes of five different enterotoxins and one emetic toxin were analyzed from the 51 isolated B. cereus strains. We detected enterotoxin entFM (100.0%), nheA (94.1%), hblC (58.8%), cytK (56.9%), and bceT (41.2%) in 51 isolates, and emetic toxin gene, CER, in only one (2.0%) isolate. We did not detect C. perfringens toxin gene (cpe) that causes food poisoning in any one of the three C. perfringens isolates. In the case of sanitary indicator bacteria, Kimchi had the highest levels of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms, followed by Saengchae, Jeotgal, Jeolim, Namul, and Jorim, respectively. We counted total aerobic bacteria at two different storage temperatures (4℃ and 20℃) to determine the effect of storage temperature. When stored at 20℃, total aerobic bacteria count increased in most of the ready-to-eat side dishes, except for Jeotgal. This result conclusively shows the need for refrigerating the ready-to-eat side dishes after purchase. Further research is needed to assess the risk and safety of the ready-to-eat side dishes available in the market and determine appropriate safety management practices.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

Objective : "Dochangbup" is one of the therapies that remove pathogenic qi[邪氣] from the Emetic Method in the Miscellaneous Disorders part of Dongeuibogam東醫寶鑑. It is, in particular, the method of treatment that removes phlegm[痰], the cause of various disorders. Method : Application of "Dochangbup" had a long history in Korea as well. The meaning and application of "Dochangbup" are mentioned in various texts from early Chosun dynasty to the post liberation. Result : In China, there are a lot of medical texts by physicians throughout Ming and Qing Dynasty, with GeZhiYuLun格致餘論 at the top of the list, dealing with the meaning and applicable scope of "Dochang" method and pharmacy of "Hacheongo霞天膏". Most of the physicians are affiliated with Dan Xi School, regarding ZhudanXi朱丹溪 as a suzerain. In "Dongeuibogam", it is mentioned that "Dochangbup" can treat various disorders caused by phlegm. Though, when there is a possibility of harming original qi[元氣] during the treatment or grave deficiency in patients, it is requested to consider tonifying while purging. Conclusion : "Dochangbup" can be applied not only to the disorders mentioned in classical medical texts, like heart pain[心痛], leg disease[脚氣], urine turbidity[小便濁], involuntary discharge of semen[遺精], cough[咳嗽], blood spitting[喀血], but also to metabolic syndrome such as obesity, hypertention and diabetes, commonly found in the modern era.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-86
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• 2022

This study examined guange (關格) in Yixuerumen (醫學入門) from a new perspective and evaluated its value in terms of emergency medicine. We compared and analyzed the definition, symptoms, and treatment methods of guange in Yixuerumen with related clinical presentations in modern medicine. Guange includes nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, dysuria, and constipation without diarrhea. A representative disease related to dysuria is uremia, while one related to constipation, nausea, and vomiting is enterocleisis, and and a third related to dysphagia is chronic esophagitis and esophagus cancer. Li Chan, the author of Yixuerumen, recognized guange as an emergency of serious eating and elimination disorder as various symptoms of diseases (病症) gradually get worse from the perspective of external diseases (外感病) and miscellaneous diseases (雜病) and handled it in various ways including yin-tonifying medicinals (補陰藥), qi-tonifying medicinals (補氣藥), qi-regulating formulas (理氣劑), phlegm-dispelling formulas (去痰劑), and "water rising, fire falling" formulas (水升火降) in addition to emetic formulas (催吐劑), diuretic formulas (滲利劑), and interior-attacking formula (攻裏劑). Concepts like guange in Yixuerumen were somewhat useful when handling the applicable emergencies at the level of then medical treatment.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

Objectives : To broaden understanding of "Shanghanlun", this paper analyzes and interprets its Post-formula instructions(方後注文). Methods : From the contents of Post-formula instructions that follow formulas in "Shanghanlun", the effects, administration instructions, decocting methods are examined specifically. Based on annotators's interpretations, the author provides his understanding. Conclusions & Results : The treatment principle of sweat inducive formulas is 'to induce subtle sweating(微似汗)'. Meanwhile, in the case of Inner water and fluid retention(水飮內停), 'sweating(汗出)' is expressive of healing. Among the emetic formulas in the "Shanghanlun", the meaning of 'vomiting(得吐者)' in the descriptions of Zhizichitang(梔子豉湯), is that the stagnated heat in the chest area has been relieved, letting the Qi communicate upwards. In terms of formula administration, besides the usual 2~3 times a day method, there is '頓服法' for immediate effects; three times within six hours application method in cases where the exterior symptoms are extremely severe or the stagnation of exterior pathogen is severe; 6 times a day or continuous application day and night regardless of frequency. In terms of decocting methods, there is '再煎法' to have the formula's effects not be biased or too strong; the decocting method of Dahuanghuanglianxiexīntang where the formula is brewed momentarily in order to cool the immaterial pathogenic heat. Moreover, when there is disease in the chest, Dahuang is brewed first to soften its effects. When there is disease in the abdomen area, Dahuang is added later to quicken its effects. In the case of Guizhirenshentang, to maximize the effect of Guizhi, it was suggested that Guizhi is added later.