• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.443-448
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• 2001

This study was carried out to obtain the basic informations on the characteristics of gametophytes formation and microspore germination in Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. Pollen mother cells passed through meiosis when the flower bud length reaches around 3.5 mm, thus creating the tetrad when it is 4.0 mm long. Pollen attains full growth when the bud is about 10.0 mm long and the anther is found to dehisce when the length of tate bud reach around 12.0 mm. Embryo sac develops at a similar speed as pollen did and it attains its full growth when the bud is about 10-12 mm long. After being stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ or -4$^{\circ}C$, the pollen maintained its germination ability to almost full extent by the 30th day after store. However, the germination rate at room temperature (23~28$^{\circ}C$) decreased below 3％ by the 3rd day of storage and so did the germination speed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 1996

The effects of gibberilin ($GA_3$) on levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin in both fresh and stratified American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seeds were investigated. In our first experiment, the fresh seeds were stratified after soaked in 80 ppd $GA_3$ solution for 24 hours. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 50.7% and 82.1% respectively at the 120th day and the 188th day of stratification, and the zeatin concentration also increased by 3.8% and 51.6% respectively. In our second experiment, we treated the seeds after 134 days stratification with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then continued to stratify them. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 32.9% and 17.7% respectively at the 164th day and the 208th day of stratification while zeatin concentration increased by 22.7% and 30.6% respectively In our another experiment, we studied the effects of $GA_3$, abscislc acid (ABA) and GA, plus ABA on germination rate of seeds treated with these plant hormones during stratification. We found that when the stratified seeds whose ratio of embryo had reached 75% were treated with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then were allowed to be stratified for another 88 days, the weight and length of embryo (p < 0.05), and germination rate (p < 0.01) increased. In contrast, the 25 ppm ABA treated with for 24 hours was found to Inhibit the growth of embryo (p < 0.05) and reduce the germination rate (p < 0.05) . The experiment of combination treatment of $GA_3$ and ABA showed that $GA_3$ could relieve the inhibitory effects of the ABA on the development of the seeds.

• Plant Resources
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2004

Five different poplar hybrids were tested for rescuing embryo to elongate in vitro plantiets after hybridization. Ovaries and ovules were cultured on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with cytokinins, 6-benzylamine (BA) and zeatin. Multiple shoots were initiated from half section of capsule with immature embryos after 21 days from pollination and tiny shoots were formed after the expansion of cotyledons in ovule cultures. Germinating response was better in intraspecific hybrids $(6.53\pm1.66)$ than interspecific crosses $(0.93\pm0.54)$ from half section of capsules on WPM medium. In general, zeatin was better than BA in inducing multiple shoots from isolated ovules. The highest average number $(19.40\pm4.53)$ of shoots was produced from immature ovules of 21 days post-pollination of WPM medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L zeatin. The highest percentage of germination was 93% from the half section of in vitro ovary cultures. Soil acclimation was successfully conducted in cell tray containing artificially mixed soil with 96% survival rate.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2021

This study was conducted to develop a somatic embryogenesis protocol for the Cnidium officinale Makino difficult to seed propagation. The immature flowers were used as explants. The concentration of a 2,4-D 1.0mg/L was found to be optimal concentration for induction of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos. Addition of 0.3mg/L, 0.5mg/L and 1.0mg/L to the embryo germination medium promoted somatic embryo germination. Among four concentrations, GA₃ 1.0mg/L were superior to others. Shoots were transferred to hormone-free MS medium after 2 months of culture in the dark. We obtained an optimized protocol for the regeneration of C. officinale.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.365-370
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is a major cause of cancer. This study investigated the effects of the ethanol extracts from germinated and non-germinated Keunnunjami rice, a blackish-purple pigmented cultivar with giant embryo, on selected human cancer cell lines and on the antioxidant defense system of mice fed with a high-fat diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: High fat-fed mice were orally administered with either distilled water (HF) or extracts (0.25%, w/w) from brown (B), germinated brown (GB), Keunnunjami (K), and germinated Keunnunjami (GK) rice. RESULTS: In comparison with the brown rice extract, Keunnunjami extract showed higher anticancer effect against cervical and gastric cell lines but lower anticancer activity on liver and colon cancer cells. Mice from the HF group showed significantly higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant enzyme activities than the control group. However, the oxidative stress induced by high-fat diet markedly decreased in B, GB, K, and GK groups as compared with the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: Germination may be an effective method for improving the anticancer and antioxidative properties of Keunnunjami rice and extracts from germinated Keunnunjami rice may serve as a therapeutic agent against cervical and gastric cancers and oxidative damage.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 2009

The effect of auxin transport inhibitor (TIBA and PCIB) or auxin synergist (phloroglucinol) on somatic embryo maturation and germination in Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) was examined. The addition of 15.8 mg/L ABA+5.0 mg/L PCIB showed most promoted the maturation of cotyledon -staged somatic embryos (177.7/90 mg ESM). In contrast, with treatment of 5.0 mg/L PCIB or 5.0 mg/L TIBA, no somatic embryos were obtained. Considering from this result, PCIB or TIBA alone could not substitute for exogenously supplied ABA for maturation of somatic embryos. In the test of below concentration of 5.0 mg/L PCIB, the highest results were recorded in 15.8 mg/L ABA+2.0 mg/L PCIB (109.3/90 mg ESM) or 15.8 mg/L ABA+5.0 mg/L PCIB (103.7/90 mg ESM). However, 5.0 mg/L phloroglucinol (0/90 mg ESM) or no ABA addition (3/90 mg ESM) had little influence on somatic embryos maturation. In germination study, the highest frequency of plantlet regeneration obtained from the somatic embryos which had matured on 15.8 mg/L ABA+5.0 mg/L PCIB (67.9%). However, either 5.0 mg/L PCIB nor 5.0 mg/L TIBA resulted in obtained from plantlets.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.238-242
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• 2009

Somatic embryos on growth regulator-free medium can be produced directly from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. When the embryo developmental stage was torpedo and cotyledon, the germination rate of embryos was quite high on MS medium supplemented with gibberellic acid ($GA_3$). However, the percentage of plantlet formation at the cotyledon stage was higher than that at the torpedo stage. This result demonstrates that the embryo at the cotyledon stage was the most appropriate for increasing germination by $GA_3$. Embryos cultured on medium including four levels of $GA_3$ concentrations (3, 5, 10, or 20 mg/$\ell$) showed all quite high germination rates (87-91%). When the well-developed embryos were continuously cultured on media including high concentrations of $GA_3$ from 10 to 20 mg/$\ell$, the percentage of formation of normal plantlets was lower than that seen under low concentrations from 3 to 5 mg/$\ell$. This treatment of high concentrations resulted in shoots with abnormal shape. The optimal $GA_3$ treatment provides a basis for the efficient method obtaining healthy plantlets derived from ginseng somatic embryos.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.550-557
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• 2014

Heloniopsis koreana and Heloniopsis tubiflora (Melanthiaceae) are endemic herbaceous species of the Korean Peninsula. The Melanthiaceae family has been described as having seeds with small, underdeveloped embryos at the time of dispersal, and morphological (MD) or morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). However, there are few reports on embryo growth, morphology, and seed germination in Heloniopsis species. The aims of this study were to investigate embryo growth and seed dormancy, and to determine the type of dormancy exhibited by these species. The effects of incubation temperatures, light conditions, and gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) on dormancy break and seed germination were tested. Freshly matured seeds of the two species had small embryos that occupied about 9-11% of the length of the endosperm, and which increased by more than 300% in length before radicle emergence, indicating that the embryos are underdeveloped at the time of dispersal. Embryos in the seeds grew under warm temperature regimes (between $25/15^{\circ}C$ and $30/20^{\circ}C$). $GA_3$ application (tested only in the light) overcame seed dormancy and promoted germination. Approximately 30% of the seeds of H. koreana and approximately 40% of the seeds of H. tubiflora germinated in suitable environmental conditions (light and temperature) within 4 weeks. Therefore, 30-40% of the seeds of the two species exhibited MD, and the rest of the seeds had non-deep simple MPD. Light was found to be one of the critical factors for germination because no seed of either of the two Heloniopsis species germinated under constant dark conditions, and thus, these species have the potential to form a persistent soil seed bank. Understanding these germination requirements will help in development of effective strategies to increase the establishment of seedlings in their native habitat.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.8
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

The experiment was conducted to study on the germination of seeds, and chemical change in the endorsperm and embryo of maize seeds treated with gibbrellic acid(GA) 25, G A 50, bengyl adenine(BA) 100 and B A 200 ppm. Obtained results can be summerized as follows: 1. The germination rate in the initial stage of maize seed increased most with G A 25 ppm treated but decreased most with B A 200 ppm treatment amount other treated blocks. There is no significant difference between treatments in the middle and later stage of the seed germination. 2. The quantity of Q $CO_2$ was noticeably increased together in parallel with germination at each blocks, but such fact was found that the block of treatment has low Q $CO_2$ in comparison with control and in particular, has the tendency to take very low in B A 200 ppm. 3. The amount of reducing sugar and total sugars among embryo and endosperm are promptly increased at each blocks, but B A treatment shows low rate of increase in comparison with the non treatment and G A treatment. 4. The quantity of crude protein of seed during germination are increased at the part of embryo and decreased at the part of endosperm. Such degree is most prominent in the treatment with G A 25 ppm and changing degree of treatment with 200 ppm is lowest.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Structural changes of the endosperm of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer from fertilization to germination were investigated by light microscope. The endosperm of the ginseng seed is cellular type. Since endosperm cells adjacent embryo continuously breakdown and disappear with the elongation of embryo, the real of endosperm is gradually decreased. As the anatropous ovules of immature seed with green seed coat developes more and more, ovary cells adjacent ovary cavity become abundant by the periclinal division, their size is decreased, hypotrophy of cell wall discern, and they are gradually differentiated in seed coat. Though embryo responds strongly to basic dye at the stage of completion of endosperm formation, tissue of endosperm responds to acidic dye positively Cell wall of embryo and endosperm are composed of primary cell wall not lignified. Endosperm cells adjacent embryo begin to breakdown in the endosperm tissue of indehiscent seed before the beginning of the after-ripening. Dehiscent seed of which seed coat is opened through after-ripening represent the form as a seedling in the result of embryo developments with the formation of organs; radicle, cotyledon, plumule. Umbilifom layer represents strong positive response to the toluidine blue and the basic function. Umbiliform layer that endosperm cells breakdown and disappear is observed clearly at the periphery of the embryo cotylemon, while slightly at the periphery of the radicle.