• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.388-395
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• 2015

Somatic embryogenesis is as an excellent technology for potential use in plant mass production, germplasm conservation, or genetic engineering. We examined the effect of cold storage using 3 embryogenic callus lines with different levels of embryogenesis competence derived from immature zygotic embryo cultures of Kalopanax setemlobus. Somatic embryo induction, germination and plant conversion were evaluated after 1, 3 and 6 months storage at $4^{\circ}C$ in the dark. Most cold-stored embryogenic calli formed somatic embryos normally even after 6 months; however, the induction rate was gradually decreased by increasing the storage period. The most competent line tended to show a slight decline in somatic embryo induction rate, as compared with other lines after cold storage. In general, cold storage resulted in reduced somatic embryo germination and plant regeneration, although 93% somatic embryo germination and 91% plant conversion were achieved regardless of the storage period. Cold storage led to cell browning and degradation. Additionally, the cell structures were confirmed by the aceto-carmine and evans blue dye evaluation. Collectively, our results showed that embryogenic callus of K. septemlobus could be preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ without subculture for 6 months, and suggested the need for storage of relatively more competent embryogenic calli lines to support somatic embryo induction.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 1999

In order to find optimum conditions for somatic embryogenesis from different individual (2-year-old) in Aralia elata were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 3% sucrose, and 0.3% gelrite. We also investigated the effect of MS medium salt concentration, BA and ABA on the embryo germination and plant regeneration. While noticeable difference was observed on somatic embryo induction among different individual tree, no apparent difference was seen in both germination and regeneration frequencies. Compared with nonembryogenic calli, embryogenic calli tended to look yellow and/or pale brown in color, slowly growing and soft in their texture. Regardless of BA or ABA treatment, half-strength MS salt medium proved to be better than full strength MS medium in both embryo germination and plant regeneration. Both hypocotyl and cotyledon developments were slightly promoted by adding 0.1 mg/L BA. However, its effect on germination and regeneration seemed inferior to control. ABA treatment on somatic embryos at their torpedo and early cotyledonary stages resulted in poor response in germination and regeneration. Although most regenerated plantlets varied greatly in cotyledon number and shape, they could be developed into normal plants after 4 weeks in culture. More than 95% plantlets were acclimatized in an artificial soil mixture, successfully transplanted to nursery bed and grew normally without any phenotypic abnormalty.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.482-488
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• 1996

The experiment was carried out to the find variation of the sugar contents in the tip and basal part of the cotyledon and remaining portion of embryos in Phaseolus vulgahs seeds during germination with HPLC analysis method. Water content in cotyledon of kidney bean seed was about 6.4~6.5 of fresh weight and incresed to 45.8~71.2% during germination showing that tip part of cotyledon has more water content by 1.1~3.8% compared to the lower part of it. Higher water onten was observed in the rest parts of the seed except cotyledon such as plumule, radicle and hypocotyl showing that it increased to 72.2~93.3% depending on the different tissue organs. Main important sugars in kidney seeds during germination stages are; raffinose, sucrose, glucose and fructose, and the amount are differed with the kinds of embryo in kidney bean seed organs and stages of germination. Raffinose amount in kidney bean is increasing repeatly when seeds become wet but disappear it soon after seed have germinated especially in growing embryo parts. Raffinose in basal parts of cotyledons were still presented some an amount after germination. Sucrose is synthesized highly in plumule embryo at the beginning stage of germination but disappeared it from 5 days after seeding stages. Amount of sucrose in cotyledon of kidney seeds and seedlings increased continuously after germination. The amount of glucose and fructose in the cotyledons of kidney seeds during germination varied 5~10% or 5~15% but in the germinating and growing organs, plumule, they increased continuously after germination.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.830-839
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• 2016

Germination of Hemerocallis seeds as influenced by cold stratification at $5^{\circ}C$ (CS) and maturity of seeds evaluated using X-ray imaging has not been well investigated. Seeds of H. lilioasphodelus, H. citrina, H. citrina 'April Flower', and H. minor collected from China and H. thunbergii collected from Korea were germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ without pre-temperature treatment, while H. hongdoensis, H. dumortieri, H. minor, and H. vespertina seeds were treated with CS. Harvesting 'Stella de Oro' capsules at 35-40 days after anthesis yielded mature seeds with well-developed embryo and cotyledons analyzed by X-ray images with a 92% germination in 17 days after sowing. Seeds of H. thunbergii and H. citrina germinated in less than 13 days without CS; two weeks of CS did not accelerate seed germination. Seeds of H. hongdoensis germinated in 24 days when seeds were stored at $25^{\circ}C$ without CS and in less than 27 days when cold stratified. Therefore, 'Stella de Oro' capsules should be harvested at 35-40 days after anthesis to harvest mature seeds. Cold stratification is not required to accelerate seed germination in the Hemerocallis taxa evaluated in this study.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 2013

Rapid loss in viability of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed is a major problem. Present effort was undertaken for developing a set pattern for assessing of viability and vigour in seed of various mother tree age of neem (Age I-06 years, Age II-15 years, Age III-25 years and Age IV->30 years old). Various viability test viz. triphenyle tetrazolium chloride test, electrical conductivity, excised embryo test, and germination test have been performed on seeds obtained from mother tree age classes. Inconsistency was observed with the TTC and EC test in germination of seed in laboratory as well as nursery. While various vigour tests viz. cold test, chemical stress test (methanol stress test), and accelerated ageing test alongwith ageing index, germination test (G%, MGT and GV) and various seedling growth parameters like seedling length (cm), number of leaves, collar diameter (cm), total biomass (g) alongwith mathematical indices i.e. vigour index, sturdiness quotient, volume index, quality index, root shoot ratio in nursery as well have been taken for study and showed better consistency. On the basis present study results of various viability and vigour test indicated that mother tree age class II performed better in comparison to others and it can be recommended for seed collection. Further it is also recommended that viability of neem seed may be assessed using various laboratory tests like excise embryo test and germination test (G%, MGT and GV) and vigour test may be taken preferably by cold germination test, chemical (methanol) stress test, accelerated ageing test in laboratory and germination alongwith various seedling growth parameters seedling length (cm), number of leaves, collar diameter (cm), total biomass (g) alongwith mathematical indices like Vigour Index, Sturdiness quotient, Volume Index, Quality index, root shoot ratio in nursery as discussed in this study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 1988

To define natural embryo growth and germination of the Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) seed, freshly harvested and depulped seeds were seeded on nursery bed at Aug. 5 without stratification. At 100 days after seeding, embryo/endosperm length ratio of the seeds in nursery bed was higher than that of the seeds which were stratified with conventional method for 100 days. And also there was no significant difference between dehiscence ratio of the seeds in nursery bed and that from stratification with sand. The germination ratio of the ginseng seeds seeded without stratification at Aug. 5 was about 57% in average of 2 years and was not significantly lower than that of the seeds seeded after stratification at Nov. 15. And there were also no significant differencies of plant growth after germination between the ginseng seedlings from two seeding methods.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-225
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• 1986

This study was conducted to know the effects of temperature and gibberellic acid on the dormancy block-ing of ginseng seeds at different embryo growth stage. Optimum temperature for embryo growth appeared to be I soc at the beginning stage of post ripening (up to dehiscent time), 1$0^{\circ}C$ at middle stage (for 30 days after dehiscence) and 5$^{\circ}C$ at last stage (between 30 and 92 days after dehiscence). And optimum temperature for dehiscence is about 17$^{\circ}C$, also the optimum temperature for dehiscence is higher than that of embryo growth. Germination of ginseng seed with full grown embryo was accelerated at high temperature (25-3$0^{\circ}C$). Germina-tion percentage was 80% at 105th date after dehiscence under 5$^{\circ}C$, 28% at 147th date under 1$0^{\circ}C$, but no germination under the over 15$^{\circ}C$. Gibberellic acid increased the dehiscent rate, whereas the gibberellic acid treatment may not be substituted for effect of low temperature on the germination. Low temperature may be reguired to finish the embryo growth in thickness.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2015

Calanthe striata f. sieboldii Decne. ex Regel is a terrestrial orchid with beautiful flowers arranged in racemose inflorescences. This species is threatened due to over-collection and loss of suitable habitats. Asymbiotic germination is useful in the conservation efforts to re-establish plants in the wild, and for commercial propagation. In this study, we investigate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), three types of culture media (Phytomax Orchid Maintenance - POM, Seed Germination Maintenance - SGM, and Murashige and Skoog 1962 - MS), and plant growth regulators on embryo swelling, protocorm formation, and embryo diameter of C. striata f. sieboldii. Treatment with 1% NaOCl for 30 min greatly enhanced embryo swelling (28.3%), embryo diameter ($205.8{\mu}m$), and embryo protocorm formation (54.8%) compared to seeds without NaOCl treatment (embryo swelling 8.5%, embryo diameter $14.6{\mu}m$, and protocorm formation 13.4%) on POM medium. Protocorm formation on POM medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) (95.6%) was better than the control (54.5%). Additionally, the effects of activated charcoal (AC) and sucrose on seedling growth in in vitro culture were examined. The protocorm converted into healthy plants with well-developed shoot primordia on the POM medium with AC and sucrose. The most suitable conditions for seedling growth after 10 weeks of culture were the POM medium with AC or sucrose. These results show effective asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling growth of C. striata f. sieboldii.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2008

For effective production of interspecific hybrids of Lilium and valuable new cultivars, we used Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'Tiny Ghost' as the female parent, and Oriental group, and Longiflorum group and Martagon as the male parents. Percentage pollen germination in Oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne' was the highest with 64%. As results of using normal style pollination and cut style pollination methods, all seed sets were formed in normal style pollinated treatment, except in 'Aktiva'. Pollen germination percent of Longiflorum hybrid 'Norina' was higher than that 'Gelria'. However, all crossings using 'Norina' failed to set seeds. Corresponding fertilization ratio was different from genetic compatibility, even in the same group. From the crossing using 'Aktiva' as the male parent one bulb was obtained derived from one embryo sac. And using 'Sorbonne' as the male parent, one plantlet was obtained after four ovule cultures. Crossing using 'Gelria' as the male parent five embryos, 15 embryo sacs, and seven ovules per one ovary were obtained. Among them, 18 plantlets germinated, with the germination percent of 66.7%. Crossings using L. hansonii, Martagon group, as the male parent resulted in 40% germination from five ovules.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.384-394
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to determine the seed characteristics and preferable methods to enhance the seed germination rate in Bupleurum falcatum. The optimum temperature for the seed germination of Bupleurum falcatum is 2$0^{\circ}C$. Any significant promoting effects were not found in seed germination with hormone treatments and physical methods. At 15$^{\circ}C$, prechilling combined with 50~200ppm of GA$_3$ treatment raised germination rate by 2 times of control ones. The most positive effect was observed in the treatment of 10$^{-2}$ ~10$^{-3}$ M potassium nitrate only at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 12 and 24 hours. The leachate of Bupleurum falcatum didn't inhibit the germination of Lactuca sativa, showing almost 100% of germination rate, which is suggested that no inhibitors contained in the seeds of Bupleurum falcatum. Observation of embryo conditions under stereoscopic microscope showed that the ratio of seeds with or without embryo is almost 50/50. The results suggested that the lower rate of germination in Bupleurum falcatum was caused by embryolessness of seeds.