• Title/Summary/Keyword: elements in particulate matter

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중등학교에서 사용 가능한 미세먼지 포집 장치 제작을 통한 대기 중 중금속 및 미생물 분석 (Analysis of Heavy Metal Element and Microorganism by Manufacture of Particulate Matter Sampler for Science Project of Secondary School)

  • 권우진;김영재;변정호
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.125-135
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    • 2015
  • 이 연구에서는 중등학교에서 사용할 수 있는 미세먼지 포집 장치를 직접 설계 및 제작하고 이를 통해 미세먼지에 포함된 중금속 및 미생물을 분석하는 활동이 가능한지 여부를 탐색하고자 한다. 중등학교 현장의 과학 탐구활동을 위해 청주지역에서 미세먼지를 포집하는 방법과 그 속에 포함된 중금속 및 미생물을 분석하였다. 미세먼지의 포집장소는 청주지역 대학교의 4층 건물 옥상에서 포집하였다. 모터 펌프, 인넷, 지름 $1.0{\mu}m$ 테프론필터, 필터 홀더 등을 이용하여 포집장치를 제작하였다. 이 포집장치를 이용한 미세먼지 포집은 2013년 12월-2014년 6월까지 진행하였다. 포집한 미세먼지의 중금속 성분과 미생물 포함 여부를 분석하였다. 중국에서 날아온 미세먼지 속에는 Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb 등인위적인 오염물질로 판단되는 중금속 성분이 국내 기원 미세먼지 보다 많았다. 더 나아가, 미세먼지 속에는 중금속 뿐만 아니라, 곰팡이나 세균같은 미생물도 다량 포함하고 있었다. 이 연구는 미세먼지가 중금속 뿐만아니라 미생물도 포함하고 있으므로, 이에 대한 체계적인 연구와 모니터링이 필요함을 시사한다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 이 연구는 중등학교 과학실험의 사례로 제공될 수 있다.

粒子狀 物質中 金屬成分의 密度分布 (Density Distributions of Metallic Compounds in Particulate Matters)

  • 허문영;김형춘;손동헌
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.9-18
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    • 1986
  • For identification and apportionment of sources emitting particulate matters in environment, the multi-elemental characterization of size-density fractionated particulate matters was carried out. Eight types of samples were tested; soil, flyash released from burning of bunker-Coil, diesel oil, coal, and soft coal, urban road-way dust, urban dust fall, and airborne particulate matter. The fractions of particulate matters obtained by heavy liquid separation methos with a series of dichloromethane-bromoform were then analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Ni, Cr, Cu, An, Fe, Al, and Mg. Each sample showed a different concentration profile as a function of density, and a number of useful conclusions concerning characterization of elemental distribution were obtained. From the density distributions of elements in soil, the maximum value was found for all elements in the density range of 2.2 $\sim 2.9g.cm^{-3}$, including the density of $SiO_2$. However, the distribution of metallic compounds with the density lower than $2.2g.cm^{-3}$ was prevalent in urban roadway dust, urban dust fall, and airborne particulate matter. And the density distribution curves of these urban dusts also have the higher distribution at the density of 2.2 - 2.9g.cm^{-3}$, including the density of wind-blown silica. This tendency generally was prevalent in the natural source elements, such as Al, Fe, Mn, and Mg. The maximum values were found in the density ranges of 1.3 $\sim 2.2g.cm^{-3}$ from the density distribution of elements in oil fired flyash. These distributions of anthropogenic source elements, such as Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr were higher predominately than those of natural source elements. And the higher distribution was found in the density range of $2.2 \sim 2.9g.cm^{-3}$ from the density distribution of elements in coal and soft-coal fired flyash. These distributions showed similar patterns to soil. But anthropogenic source elements somewhat predominated at the density ranges of $1.3 \sim 2.2g.cm{-3} and 2.9g.cm^{-3}$ to soil. Therefore the higher distribution of anthropogenic source elements in the density ranges of $1.3 \sim 2.2g.cm^{-3} and 2.9g.cm^{-3}$ was considered as anthropogenic origin.

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기기중성자방사화분석을 이용한 대전 3, 4 공단지역의 호흡성입자의 특성 (Characteristics of Respirable Particulate Matter from the Third and Fourth Industrial Complex Area of Daejeon City Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis)

  • 임종명;이진홍
    • 환경영향평가
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    • 제15권6호
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    • pp.425-433
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    • 2006
  • Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to measure the concentrations of 27 elements associated with respirable particulate matter (PM10) that were collected from the Third and Fourth Industrial Complex Area of Daejeon City. The distribution patterns of elements were clearly distinguished with their concentrations varying across more than four orders of magnitude. The mean for Al were recorded to be the highest value of 1,527 $ng/m^3$, while that for In showed the lowest value of 0.1 $ng/m^3$. If compared in terms of enrichment factors, it was found that certain elements (e.g., As, Br, Cl, Cr, I, In, Sb, Se, and Zn) are enriched in PM10 samples of the study site. The results of factor analysis indicated six factors with statistical significance, which may exert dominant controls on regulating the elemental concentration levels in the study area.

미세먼지 저감을 위한 그린인프라 계획요소 도출 - 텍스트 마이닝을 활용하여 - (Derivation of Green Infrastructure Planning Factors for Reducing Particulate Matter - Using Text Mining -)

  • 석영선;송기환;한효주;이정아
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제49권5호
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    • pp.79-96
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    • 2021
  • 그린인프라 계획은 미세먼지 저감을 위한 대표적인 조경 계획 방안 중 하나이다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 미세먼지 저감을 위한 그린인프라 계획 시 활용될 수 있는 요소를 텍스트 마이닝 기법을 활용하여 도출하고자 하였다. 미세먼지 저감계획, 그린인프라 계획 요소 등의 키워드를 중심으로 관련 선행연구, 정책보고서 및 법률 등을 수집하여 텍스트 마이닝을 통해 단어 빈도-역 문서 빈도(Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency, 이하 TF-IDF) 분석, 중심성 분석, 연관어 분석, 토픽 모델링 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, TF-IDF 분석을 통해 미세먼지 및 그린인프라와 관련된 주요 주제어는 크게 환경문제(미세먼지, 환경, 탄소, 대기 등), 대상 공간(도시, 공원, 지역, 녹지 등), 그리고 적용 방법(분석, 계획, 평가, 개발, 생태적 측면, 정책적 관리, 기술, 리질리언스 등)으로 구분할 수 있었다. 둘째, 중심성 분석 결과, TF-IDF와 유사한 결과가 도출되었으며, 주요 키워드들을 연결하는 중심단어는 '그린뉴딜', '유휴부지'임을 확인할 수 있었다. 셋째, 연관어 분석 결과, 미세먼지 저감을 위한 그린인프라 계획 시, 숲과 바람길의 계획이 필요하며, 미기후 조절의 측면에서 수분에 대한 고려가 반드시 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 유휴공간의 활용 및 혼효림의 조성, 미세먼지 저감 기술의 도입과 시스템의 이해가 그린인프라 계획 시 중요한 요소가 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 토픽 모델링 분석을 통해 그린인프라의 계획요소를 생태적·기술적·사회적 기능을 중심으로 분류하였다. 생태적 기능의 계획요소는 그린인프라의 형태적 부분(도시림, 녹지, 벽면녹화 등)과 기능적 부분(기후 조절, 탄소저장 및 흡수, 야생동물의 서식처와 생물 다양성 제공 등), 기술적 기능의 계획요소는 그린인프라의 방재 기능, 완충 효과, 우수관리 및 수질정화, 에너지 저감 등, 사회적 기능의 계획요소는 지역사회 커뮤니티 기능, 이용객의 건강성 회복, 경관 향상 등의 기능으로 분류되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 미세먼지 저감을 위한 그린인프라 계획 시 리질리언스 및 지속가능성과 같은 개념적 키워드 중심의 접근이 필요하며, 특히, 미세먼지 노출 저감의 측면에서 그린인프라 계획요소의 적용이 필요함을 시사한다고 볼 수 있다.

INAA.ICP.AAS를 이용한 대기먼지 $(PM_{10})$의 다원소분석 (Multielement Analysis in Airborne Particulate Matter $(PM_{10})$ by INAA, ICP and AAS)

  • 정용삼;문종화;정영주;박광원;이길용;윤윤열;심상권;조경행;한명섭
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제15권4호
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    • pp.495-503
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    • 1999
  • Airborne particulate matter $(PM_{10})$ collected using high volume air sampler and silica fiber filter were analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis(INAA), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(AAS), and the results were compared with each other. 30~40 trace elements in environmental standard reference materials(NIST SRM 1648 and NIES CRM No.8) were analyzed for the analytical quality control. The relative error for two-third of elements detected was less than 10%, and the standard deviation was less than 15%. During the sampling period for 24 hours, the mass concentration of total suspended particulate was 36.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and the value is lower than the critical level in Korea. In the results of NAA, the elements of Al, As, Ba, Fe, La, Mg, Na, Sb, Zn were well agreed with those of other methods. In statistical estimation between different methods, the deviation of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe was less than 10% and quite reliable.

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Impact of Dust Transported from China on Air Quality in Korea -Characteristics of PM2.5 Concentrations and Metallic Elements in Asan and Seoul, Korea

  • Yang, Won-Ho;Son, Bu-Soon;Breysse, Patrick;Chung, Tae-Woong
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제33권6호
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    • pp.479-487
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    • 2007
  • [ $PM_{2.5}$ ], particulate matter less than 2.5 um in a diameter, can penetrate deeply into the lungs. Exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ has been associated with increased hospital visits for respiratory aliments as well as increase mortality. $PM_{2.5}$ is a byproduct of combustion processes and as such has a complex composition including a variety of metallic elements, inorganic and organic compounds as well as biogenic materials (microorganisms, proteins, etc). In this study, the average concentrations of fine particulates $PM_{2.5}$ have been measured simultaneously in Asan and Seoul, Korea, by using particulate matter portable sampler from September 2001 to August 2002. Sample collection filters were analyzed by ICP-OES to determine the concentrations of metallic elements (As, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Si). Annual mean $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Asan and Seoul were 37.70 and $45.83\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The highest concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were found in spring season in both cities and the concentrations of measured metallic elements except As in Asan were higher than those in Seoul, suggesting that yellow dust in spring could affect $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Asan rather than Seoul. The correlation coefficients of Pb and Zn were 0.343 for Asan and 0.813 for Seoul during non-yellow dust condition, suggesting that Pb and Zn were influenced with the same sources. The correlation coefficients between Si and Fe in the fine particulate mode were 0.999 (Asan) and 0.998 (Seoul) during yellow dust condition. It was suggested that these two elements were impacted by soil-related transport from China during the yellow dust storm condition.

대기분진의 원소분석에 대한 k0-NAA법의 비교 (Comparative Analysis of Elemental Components in Airborne Particulate Matter by k0-NAA Methods)

  • 정용삼;문종화;조현제;김영진
    • 분석과학
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.51-58
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    • 2005
  • A comparison of the analytical data obtained by three $k_0$-NAA software programs was carried out using both the airborne particulate matter collected from an urban site and the certified reference materials of the air filter and urban dust to evaluate the performance of the analysis. The individual $k_0$-NAA standardization methods of three countries, Korea, China and Vietnam which had been modified from the well established $k_0$-program were used for the comparative analysis. The measured concentrations of 30 elements from the two kinds of air samples based on this software were in agreement with each other within about 20% analytical error except for a few elements. By contrast, the results of China and Vietnam were moderately higher than that of Korea due to a systematic error associated with the detection efficiency, gamma peak analysis and geometric effect.

대구지역 공중위생법 규제대상시설의 실내공기중 입자상 오염물질의 계절별 및 지점별 농도분포 특성 (Seasonal and Locational Concentrations of Particulate Air Pollutants in Indoor Air of Public Facilities in Taegu Area)

  • 백성옥;송희봉
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.163-176
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    • 1998
  • In this study, airborne particle samples were obtained to determine the concentrations of particulate air pollutants in indoor and outdoor air of public facilities in Taegu area. Total of 12 public facilities, regulated by the Public Sanitary Law, were selected as sampling sites, which include three underground arcades, one railway and two bus terminals, three general hospitals, and three department stores. In each place, sampling was carried out seasonally during the period of October 1994 to July 1995, and four samples per each site per season were collected both indoors and outdoors simultaneously. After determination of suspended particulate matter (SPM) mass concentrations, the particle samples were divided into two parts for subsequent chemical analysis: one for the analysis of trace elements and the other for water soluble ions. Seasonal levels of SPM appeared to be the highest in spring and the lowest in summer both indoors and outdoors, while locational variations of highest in statioyterminals, and lowest in department stores . SPM concentrations indoors and outdoors did not show any significant differences each other in most places . However, there were significant correlations between indoor and outdoor levels of SPM and other chemical species . These results indicates that indoor SPM levels are likely to be significantly affected by outdoor sources in many places. The most significant source of SPM was estimated to be the resuspension of soil/road dust both indoors and outdoors . The concentrations of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu) in underground arcades appeared to be very much lower than the established air quality guidelines for underground environments. In addition, it is likely that micro-environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity, play a less significant role than outdoor air quality as a factor affecting the levels of particulate pollutants in indoor environments of public facilities in Taegu area.

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Size Distribution and Source Identification of Airborne Particulate Matter and Metallic Elements in a Typical Industrial City

  • Ny, Mai Tra;Lee, Byeong-Kyu
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.9-19
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    • 2010
  • The size distribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) and the concentrations of associated metallic elements were investigated in a busy urban region of a typical Korean industrial city. The PM concentrations measured during the spring, except for those in the size range of 1.1 to 2.1 ${\mu}m$, were slightly higher than the PM concentrations in the summer. Coarse particles contributed greatly to the variation in PM concentrations in the spring, while fine and submicron particles contributed largely to the variation in PM concentrations in the summer. The difference in size modes of the PM concentrations between spring and summer may be explained by the Asian dust effect and its accompanying wind direction and speed. Extremely high enrichment factors (EFs) values (6,971 to 60,966) for all of the size distributions in PM were identified for cadmium (Cd). High EFs values (12 to 907) were also identified for other heavy metals including Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn. Low EF values (0.29 to 8.61) were identified for Ca, K, Mg and Na. These results support the common hypothesis that most heavy metals in ambient PM have anthropogenic sources and most light metals have crustal sources. The results of principal components analyses and cluster analyses for heavy metals indicate that the principal sources of PM and metals were emissions from non-ferrous metal smelters, oil combustion, incinerators, vehicular traffic and road dust.