• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.947-970
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• 2015

An equivalent friction element is proposed to simulate the friction in cable-strut joints. Equivalent stiffness matrixes and load vectors of the friction element are derived and are unified into patterns for FEM by defining a virtual node specially to store internal forces. Three approaches are described to verify the rationality of the new equivalent friction element: applying the new element in a cable-roller model, and numerical solutions match well with experimental results; applying the element in a continuous sliding cable model, and theoretical values, numerical and experimental results are compared; and the last is applying it in truss string structures, whose results indicate that there would be a great error if the cable of cable supported structures is simulated with discontinuous cable model which is usually adopted in traditional finite element analysis, and that the prestress loss resulted from the friction in cable-strut joints would have adverse effect on the mechanical performance of cable supported structures.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1989.10a
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• pp.142-147
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• 1989

필기체 문자는 인쇄체 문자와는 달리, 복잡한 변형이 따르므로, 인식 하는데 많은 문제점이 따른다. 그렇기 때문에 일반적인 필기체 인식에 있어서는 필기 자체에 대한 제한을 두어 변형을 적게한 문자를 인식 대상으로 삼고 있다. 이러한 문자는, 설정된 조건만 확실하게 만족한다면, 비교적 간단하게 인식 할 수 있다. 반면에, 자유 필기체 문자는, 제한 필기체 문자와는 달리 변형이 크기 때문에, 그 인식에는 많은 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는, 자유 필기체 한글의 자모를 추출하는데 있어 두개의 parameter space method를 이용했다. 화상내에서의 혼합은, 기본적으로 5 개의 element ($\mid,\;\setminus,\;/,\;-,\;o$)로 구성되어 있고, 이 element를 정의하는데는 최소한 4 개의 parameter, 즉 element의 위치 [x, y], 크기 [1] 및 type [T] 등이 필요하다. 입력 화상에서 추출된 직선 및 원의 성분은 [x, y, l] 과 [x, y, T]의 2 개의 3-D parameter space 에 누적되고, parameter space 상에서의 병합 분할 과정을 거쳐, element 가 형성된다. 추출된 element 들은, parameter space 상에서의 방향성 및 상호 위치 관계에 의한 조합 형태로서, 미리 기술되어진 자모 모델과 비교되어 인식된다. 본 방법의 특정은, 문자의 크기에 무관하고, 해석방법에 의해서는, 끊어진 element나 불필요한 element 등의 왜곡된 element 들의 처리가 가능한 점, 4 차원 parameter space를 두개의 3 차원 parameter space로 분리, 처리시간과 기억용량의 절약을 기한점 등을 들 수 있다.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.149-162
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide a meaningful thought to professionals and administrators of Korea working for Consumer General Education development at their Universities. Also, tips for organizing and meaning Consumer General Education Curriculum effectively are provided. Finally, the study suggests essential elements to improve qualities of Consumer General Education in Korea Universities. This study's method are content analysis through web site and survey. The subjects of this survey were 257 students. The data were collected by qusetionaires developed by researcher and analyzed by frequencies, correlation Analysis, One Way Anova, Duncan Test, Factor Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis. The major findings were as follows: University students's satisfaction level about General Education was low and the needs level about Consumer General Education was high. And the education service quality showed factors to be administrative service element, professor service element, classroom environment element, communication element. And Multiple Regression Analysis on each of the education service quality factors had been significant effects for find out the differences in the degree of satisfaction.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 1997

In curing process of tire, contact and slip occurs between green tire and curing bladder. The curing process is a critical step in the manufacture of tires. In this investigation, curing bladder shaping is examined using a finite element method. Specifically, a finite element model between the inner part of green tire and the outer part of curing bladder is generated using contact element and curing bladder is generated using incompressible element. Numerical analysis are performed on two different bladder types, different overall outer diameters of curing bladder and different heights of curing bladder. Numerical results show that contact pressure is increased by using toroidal type of curing bladder, increasing overall diameter and increasing height of curing bladder. To obtain natural equilibrium carcass line, there is a requirement in increasing contact pressure of the section between side and bead.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

High-speed electronic digital computers have enabled engineers to employ various numerical discretization techniques for solutions of complex problems. The Finite Element Method is one of the such technique. The Finite Element Method is one of the numerical analysis based on the concepts of fundamental mathematical approximation. Three dimensional plate structures used often in partition of ship, box girder and frame are analyzed by Finite Element Method. In design of structures, the static deflections, stress concentrations and dynamic deflections must be considered. However, these problem belong to geometrically nonlinear mechanical structure analysis. The analysis of each element is independent, but coupling occurs in assembly process of elements. So, to overcome such a difficulty the shell theory which includes transformation matrix and a fictitious rotational stiffness is taken into account. Also, the Mindlin's theory which is considered the effect of shear deformation is used. The Mindlin's theory is based on assumption that the normal to the midsurface before deformation is "not necessarily normal to the midsurface after deformation", and is more powerful than Kirchoff's theory in thick plate analysis. To ensure that a small number of element can represent a relatively complex form of the type which is liable to occur in real, rather than in academic problem, eight-node quadratic isoparametric elements are used. are used.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2018

Cable supported structures have been widely used in civil engineering. Cable tension estimation has great importance in cable supported structures' analysis, ranging from design to construction and from inspection to maintenance. Even though the Bernoulli-Euler beam element is commonly used in the traditional finite element method for calculation of frequency and cable tension estimation, many elements must be meshed to achieve accurate results, leading to expensive computation. To improve the accuracy and efficiency, a dynamic finite element method for estimation of cable tension is proposed. In this method, following the dynamic stiffness matrix method, frequency-dependent shape functions are adopted to derive the stiffness and mass matrices of an exact beam element that can be used for natural frequency calculation and cable tension estimation. An iterative algorithm is used for the exact beam element to determine both the exact natural frequencies and the cable tension. Illustrative examples show that, compared with the cable tension estimation method using the conventional beam element, the proposed method has a distinct advantage regarding the accuracy and the computational time.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.321-336
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• 2012

As an improvement on the isoparametric element method, the derivation presented in this paper is close to that done by Wang (1990) for the 2-D finite element. We extend this idea to solve 3-D crack problems in this paper. A new displacement modelling is constructed with local solutions of three-dimensional cracks and a quasi-compatible isoparametric element for three-dimensional fracture mechanics analysis is presented. The stress intensity factors can be solved directly by means of the present method without any post-processing. A new method for calculating the stress intensity factors of three-dimensional cracks with complex geometries and loads is obtained. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the present method. The accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed element is demonstrated by solving several crack problems. The results illustrate that this method not only saves much calculating time but also increases the accuracy of solutions. Because this quasi-compatible finite element of 3-D cracks contains any singularities and easily meets the requirement of compatibility, it can be easily implemented and incorporated into existing finite element codes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 1996

Vector algorithms and the relative importance of the four basic modules (computation of element stiffness matrices, assembly of the global stiffness matrix, solution of the system of linear simultaneous equations, and calculation of stresses and strains) of a finite element computer program for inelastic analysis of reinforced concrete shells are presented. Performance of the vector program is compared with a scalar program. For a cooling tower problem, the speedup factor from the scalar to the vector program is 34 for the element stiffness matrices calculation, 25.3 for the assembly of global stiffness matrix, 27.5 for the equation solver, and 37.8 for stresses, strains and nodal forces computations on a Gray Y-MP. The overall speedup factor is 30.9. When the equation solver alone is vectorized, which is computationally the most intensive part of a finite element program, a speedup factor of only 1.9 is achieved. When the rest of the program is also vectorized, a large additional speedup factor of 15.9 is attained. Therefore, it is very important that all the modules in a nonlinear program are vectorized to gain the full potential of the supercomputers. The vector finite element computer program for inelastic analysis of RC shells with layered elements developed in the present study enabled us to perform mesh convergence studies. The vector program can be used for studying the ultimate behavior of RC shells and used as a design tool.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.273-277
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop standards for evaluating what extant the physical environments of housing which can cope with the needs of the aging society. This study was consisted through literature investigation research mainly, and research target literature limits keyword to elderly housing environment and chose connected domestic various literatures. The scope of evaluation was limited to the indoor spaces and outdoor spaces of housing as it was thought that the elderly spend much more time at indoor, outdoors, considering their physical characteristics. The study are as follows ; First, in outdoor only area from design environment element accessibility, and safety emphasized from equipment element, health of community territory was expose from design environment element that supportiveness is emphasized from equipment element. Second, in living room safety emphasized from design environment element in bedroom and bathroom of indoor individuation space, vestibule, balcony supportiveness, health was expose that is emphasized kitchen and mess. Also, was expose that supportiveness is emphasized from equipment element of all individuation spaces. Third, was expose that design environment element in corridor that is indoor official business space, stair, lobby, elevator and safety from equipment element and supportiveness are emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop standards for evaluating what extant the physical environments of housing which can cope with the needs of the aging society. This study was consisted through literature investigation research mainly, and research target literature limits keyword to elderly housing environment and chose connected domestic various literatures. The study are as follows; First, in outdoor only area from design environment element accessibility, and safety emphasized from equipment element, health of community territory was expose from design'environment element that supportiveness is emphasized from equipment element. Second, in living room safety emphasized from design' environment element in bedroom and bathroom of indoor individuation space, vestibule, balcony supportiveness, health was expose that is emphasized kitchen and mess. Also, was expose that supportiveness is emphasized from equipment element of all individuation spaces. Third, was expose that design environment element in corridor that is indoor official business space, stair, lobby, elevator and safety from equipment element and supportiveness are emphasized.