• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2021.07a
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• pp.701-702
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• 2021

The purpose of the study was to identify fiber changes induced by electrical stimulation of a certain neural substrate in the rat brain. In the stimulation group, the peripheral nerve was injured and the brain area associated to inhibit sensory information was electrically stimulated. There were sham and sham stimulation groups as controls. Then high-field diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was acquired. 35 features were taken from the DTI measures from 7 different brain pathways. To compare the efficacy of the classification for 3 animal groups, the linear regression analysis (LDA) and the machine learning technique (MLP) were applied. It was found that the testing accuracy by MLP was about 77%, but that of accuracy by LDA was much higher than MLP. In conclusion, machine learning algorithm could be used to identify and predict the changes of the brain white matter in some situations. The limits of this study will be discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 2017

The purpose of This study was to compare the effect of Convergence-Based russian current(RC) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on pain, muscle strength, function of knee who had a surgical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR). A total of 40 Participants divided into 2 groups, with ACLR, were assigned to russian current group(RCG) or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group(TENSG). Both groups were measured by varieties of tests: visual analog scale(VAS), knee flexion & extension muscle strength, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score(KOOS), korean lower extremity functional scale(LEFS). Both groups has shown significant changes within the measurements of VAS, Knee Flexion & Extension muscle strength, KOOS and LEFS. The RCG had more significant increase within knee extension muscle strength, LEFS compared to TENSG. By studying this research, both interventions were effective to ACLR patients, moreover, RC was more effective for knee muscle strength and lower extremity function than the TENS.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.581-586
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• 2006

Purpose: Pediatric burn still generates social problem leading to physical and mental sequelae for ages. We studied to help make a program for the prevention of pediatric burn. Methods: We analyzed retrospectically 2759 acute burn patients under the age of 15 years in recent 5years (January 2000 - December 2004). Results: 1553 males and 1226 females were investigated, with a male to female ratio of 1.25 : 1. The greatest number of burn patients were those with an age of 1 - 2 years(1435, 52%). Scalding burn was the most common cause of injury, which accounted for 1980 (71.8%) patients, followed by contact burns(286, 10.4%), flame burn(229, 8.3%), steam burn(141, 5.1%). Especially steam burn was the second cause of injury in the age under 1 year, while flame burn was the same in the age over 3 years. During recent 5 years, incidence of contact burn increased over twofold despite the others did not changed substantially. Variation of seasonal incidence is minimal and most of the patients(2545 cases, 92.2%) had burns of ${\leq}20%$ TBSA. The median hospital stay was 18.3 days, and the rate of operation was 35.4% with an high rate in electrical burn(70.6%), steam burn(68.8%), contact burn(65%). 27 patients died in this series, which yielded a mortality rate of 1%. Conclusion: We expect that these data will be used as a basis for prevention of pediatric burn.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2012

Background : An area of the skull exposed by burn injury has been covered by various methods including local flap, skin graft, or free flap surgery. Each method has disadvantages, such as postoperative alopecia or donor site morbidities. Due to the risk of osteomyelitis in the injured skull during the expansion period, tissue expansion was excluded from primary reconstruction. However, successful primary reconstruction was possible in burned skull by tissue expansion. Methods : From January 2000 to 2011, tissue expansion surgery was performed on 10 patients who had sustained electrical burn injuries. In the 3 initial cases, removal of the injured part of the skull and a bone graft was performed. In the latter 7 cases, the injured skull tissue was preserved and covered with a scalp flap directly to obtain natural bone healing and bone remodeling. Results : The mean age of patients was $49.9{\pm}12.2$ years, with 8 male and 2 female. The size of the burn wound was an average of $119.6{\pm}36.7cm^2$. The mean expansion duration was $65.5{\pm}5.6$ days, and the inflation volume was an average of $615{\pm}197.6mL$. Mean defect size was $122.2{\pm}34.9cm^2$. The complications including infection, hematoma, and the exposure of the expander were observed in 4 cases. Nonetheless, only 1 case required revision. Conclusions : Successful coverage was performed by tissue expansion surgery in burned skull primarily and no secondary reconstruction was needed. Although the risks of osteomyelitis during the expansion period were present, constant coverage of the injured skull and active wound treatment helped successful primary reconstruction of burned skull by tissue expansion.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to calculate and analyze the effective radiation doses from computed tomography (CT) and radiologic intervention in patients in the emergency department (ED) with trauma critical pathway (CP) activation and further to estimate the lifetime attributable risks (LARs) for the incidence of and mortality from cancers induced by the radiation dose. Methods: Through a retrospective electrical chart review of 104 injured patients who trauma critical pathway were activated from November 2012 to March 2013, we calculated effective radiologic doses by taking the product of the dose-linear product of the scan and the conversion coefficient. After a determination of the image results, we divided the patients into two groups, negative or positive, and calculated the effective dose for each group. With these results, we estimated the LARs for the incidence of and the mortality from cancers by using the table in the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR)-VII report. Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled. The mean age was $49.0{\pm}8.5$ years. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was $12.7{\pm}8.4$. The cumulative effective dose (CED) for individual patients varied from 2.8 mSv to 238.8 mSv, and the mean was $47.6{\pm}39.9$ mSv. The CED in patients with an $ISS{\geq}16$($63.2{\pm}26.6$ mSv) was higher than that of patients whose ISS<16($33.5{\pm}23.1$ mSv) (p<0.001). The CED in patients who were treated with surgery or intervention($69.0{\pm}45.2$ mSv) was higher than that of patients who were treated conservatively($33.6{\pm}22.4$ mSv) (p<0.001). The LARs for cancer incidence and mortality were $328.5{\pm}308.6$ and $189.0{\pm}159.3$ per 100,000 people, respectively. Conclusion: The CED and the LAR for trauma CP-activated patients in the ED were significant, so efforts should be made to decrease the effective dose received by severely injured patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

Risk assessment and analysis for a medium-to-small sized chemical plant that manufactures a polyester resin by the process of batch-type condensation reaction was conducted using K-PSR technique which is one of the risk assessment methods used to implement the Process Safety Management System (PSM). K-PSR is a risk assessment technique developed by KOSHA to compensate for difficulties caused by the lack of infrastructure of medium-to-small sized chemical plants in the re-evaluation. To apply the K-PSR technique, the entire process of a selected chemical palnt was classified in two review sections, i.e., the condensation reaction process and the dilution/filtration process, and the potential risks of the process about these review sections were identified and classified based on the four guide-words (release, fire.explosion, process trouble, and injury). As the results of the research, refer to recommend of risk rating has been confirmed that non-destructive testing of old facilities and the preparation of LOTO procedures for the electrical equipments are necessary as specific measures to prevent the risk of release and fire.explosion. It was also shown that pressure gauges and thermometers should be installed on the hot-oil supply piping to minimize the process trouble, and exhausting hood should be installed to prevent potential injury.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.6
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• pp.603-611
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• 1997

The motor evoked potentials (MEPs) have been advocated as a method of monitoring the integrity of spinal efferent pathways in various injury models of the central nervous system. However, there were many disputes about origin sites of MEPs generated by transcranial electrical stimulation. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of major extrapyramidal motor nuclei such as lateral vestibular nucleus (VN) and medullary reticular nucleus (mRTN) on any components of the MEPs in adult Sprague-Dalwey rats. MEPs were evoked by electrical stimulation of the right sensorimotor cortex through a stainless steel screw with 0.5mm in diameter, and recorded epidurally at T9 - T10 spinal cord levels by using a pair of teflon-coated stainless steel wire electrodes with 1mm exposed tip. In order to inject lidocaine and make a lesion, insulated long dental needle with noninsulated tips were placed stareotoxically in VN and mRTN. Lidocaine of $2{\sim}3\;{\mu}l$ was injected into either VN or mRTN. The normal MEPs were composed of typical four reproducible waves; P1, P2, P3, P4. The first wave (P1) was shown at a mean latency of 1.2 ms, corresponding to a conduction velocity of 67.5 m/sec. The latencies of MEPs were shortened and the amplitudes were increased as stimulus intensity was increased. The amplitudes of P1 and P2 were more decreased among 4 waves of MEPs after lidocaine microinjection into mRTN. Especially, the amplitude of P1 was decreased by 50% after lidocaine microinjection into bilateral mRTN. On the other hand, lidocaine microinjection into VN reduced the amplitudes of P3 and P4 than other MEP waves. However, the latencies of MEPs were not changed by lidocaine microinjection into either VN or mRTN. These results suggest that the vestibular and reticular nuclei contribute to partially different role in generation of MEPs elicited by transcranial electrical stimulation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.234-246
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• 2002

Background: Herpes Zoster Oticus, which can be caused from infection by Varicella-zoster virus, is known to be expected poor prognosis, since it has higher possibility of complete injury of facial nerve. Conservative therapy of the Western medicine is effective on the treatment for the herpes zoster and pain. However, its effectiveness on the facial verve palsy has not been proven. Objective : This study was performed to evaluate the treatment of oriental medicine and an analyze prognosis of the facial nerve palsy in Herpes Zoster Oticus. Methods : This retrospctive study was conducted to observe the clinical manifestation of Herpes Zoster Oticus, and the result of electrical diagnostic study on the patients with the facial nerve palsy in Herpes Zoster Oticus who were diagnosed and treated at the Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital. Results : 1. According to the six clinical types of Herpes Zoster Oticus, the patients in this study can be grouped as 7 cases of the type II, 2 cases of the type V, and one case of the type IV and the type VI. 2. The shorter the period from onset to the first visit to a hospital, the prognosis of facial nerve palsy in Herpes Zoster Oticus was the better. 3. According to the follow up study, the H-B grades of all cases were improved. 4. According to the follow up study, the result of electrical diagnostic study was improved. Conclusions : We found in our study that the treatment of oriental medicine, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine and aroma therapy, helps the recovery of facial nerve palsy in Herpes Zoster Oticus. The further clinical study about the more cases of facial nerve palsy in Herpes Zoster Oticus and comparative study between the group of oriental medicine and that of western medicine are needed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.752-759
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• 1997

Profound hypothermia protects . cerebral function during total circulatory arrest(TCA) in the surgical treatment of a variety of cardiac and aortic diseases. Despite its importance, there is no ideal technique to monitor the brain injury from ischemia. Since 1994, we have developed compressed spectral array(CSA) of electroencephalography(EEG) and monitored cerebral activity to reduce ischemic injury. The purposes of this study are to analyse the efficacy of CSA and to establish objective criteria to consistently identify the safe level of temperature and arrest time. We studied 6 patients with aortic dissection(AD, n=3) or aortic arch aneurysm(n=3, ruptured in 2). Body temperatures from rectum and esophagus and the EEG were monitored continuously during cooling and rewarming period. TCA with cerebral ischemia was performed in 3 patients and TCA with selective cerebral perfusion was performed in 3 patients. Total ischemic time was 30, 36 and 56 minutes respectively for TCA group and selective perfusion time was 41, 56 and 92 minutes respectively for selective perfusion group. The rectal temperatures for flat EEG were between 16.1 and 22. $1^{\circ}C$ (mean: 18.4 $\pm$ 2.0): the esophageal temperatures between 12.7 and $16.4^{\circ}C$ (mean $14.7\pm1.6).$ The temperatures at which EEG reappeared $5~15.4^{\circ}C$ for esophagus. There was no neurological defic t and no surgical mortality in this series. In summary, the electrical cerebral activity Teappeared within 23 minutes at the temperature less than $16^{\circ}C$ for rectum. It seemed that $15^{\circ}C$ of esophageal temperature was not safe for 20 minutes of TCA and continuous monitoring the EEG with CSA to identify the electrocerebral silence was useful.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.167-182
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• 2002

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic pains and factors that affected EA effects. The responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) cells to electrical stimulation of $A{\delta}$ & C afferent fibers were used as an index of pain in rats with chronic pains induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant or peripheral nerve injury. In rats with chronic pains, low (2Hz) and high (100Hz) frequency EA stimulation applied to zusanli caused the inhibition of WDR cell responses in about 60% of rats and the inhibitory actions were dependent on the stimulus strength. EA stimulation also induced an excitation of WDR cell responses in 23.9% of rats and no effect in 15.8% of rats. However, it seemed that in normal rats compared to the rat with chronic pains, the incidence of which EA stimulation caused the excitation or no effect was high. Reversible spinalization almost completely blocked EA-induced inhibitory or excitatory effects. EA stimulation more frequently induced the excitation of WDR cell responses in lightly anesthetized (0.6%) rats and the enhanced responses of WDR cells were inhibited by EA stimulation in the rat anesthetized with 1.5% enflurane. These experimental findings suggest that in rats with chronic pain, EA stimulation inhibited WDR cell responses to slow $A{\delta}$ and C fiber stimulation and EA-induced inhibitory action was under the control of descending inhibitory system and degree of anesthesia.