• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 1983

In an attempt to clarify the epidemiological feature of C. sinensis in Mangyeong riverside area, the prevalence of clonorchiasis, infestation rate of the cercariae in Parafossarulus manchouricus, and detection rate of the metacercariae in fresh-water fishes were investigated from March 1 to September 30, 1983 at the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Detection rate of C. sinensis egg among inhabitants was 8.2% out of a total of 1,266 personsr, but the differences in detection rates were not statistically significant among upper, middle and lower reaches. According to sect, the detection rates were 10.3% in male and 6.1% in female (p<0.05), but by age groups, increases of the rates were observed as increase in age (p<0.05). 2. Out of a total of 380 fresh-water fishes of 32 different species, 93 fishes (25%) of 12 species were found positive with Clonorchis metacercariae, and there were differences in infection rates of the metacercariae among the fishes in 3 parts of the river; 11% in upper, 35% in middle, and 34% in lower reaches respectively. The metacercarial detection rates from various fishes were 97% in Pseudorasbora larva, Cultriculus eigenmanni (85%) , Gnathepogon strigatus (67%), Microphysogobio yaluensis (50%), Gnathopogon coreanus (47%), Pungtungia hergi (44%), Abbotting riwularis (40%), Moroco oxycephalus (33%), Coreoleuciscus splendidus (32%), Gnathepogon majimap (26%), Rhodeus ocellatus (7%), and Aphyocypris chinensis (3%) respectively. 3. Although very few p. manchouricus were collected at upper reach, 12 snails (0.7%) among a total of 1,713 were found infected with Clonorchis cercariae. Also the cercariae of Echinochasmup iapenicus (7.99%), Lexogenes liberum (0.99%), Cyathocotyle orientalis (0.75%), Esorchis oviformis (0.23%) and Asymphylodora japonica (0.05%) were detected from the snails.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.593-599
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the necrotic enteritis of chicken in Korea. Epidemiological, pathological and microbiological examination were done on 12 naturally occurred cases of necrotic enteritis of chicken. And the susceptibility of isolated bacteria to antimicrobial agents was also examined. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The Clostridium perfringens infection, necrotic enteritis of chicken, occurred in the chickens mainly raised in floor pens. Necrotic enteritis of chicken was occurred coincidently with coccidiosis and Gumboro disease frequently. And several cases were recurred at 2-3 weeks after recovery. 2. Clinical signs of the infected chickens were depression, decreased appetite, reluctance to move, diarrhea, ruffled feathers and acute death within several hours. 3. The characteristic biochemical properties of isolates were 2-band hemolysis, no motility, positive reaction of reverse CAMP test and the formation of LV precipitate in egg yolk medium. 4. Gross lesions of the infected chickens were distention of intestine with gas, thickened mucosa and formation of thick pseudomembrane in intestine. Livers were friable with yellowish brown color and, in some case, showed demarcated necrotic foci. 5. Histopathological findings of the infected chickens were severe necrosis of the intestinal mucosa and attachment of numerous large bacilli to the mucosal surface of necrotic villi. In liver, necrosis of liver tissue and numerous large bacilli in the necrotic foci were also observed. 6. In susceptibility test to antimicrobial agents, 12 isolates of Clostridium perfringens were highly sensitive to ampicillin, baytril, cephalothin and penicillin.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

As a means for year-round rearing of bumblebee, CO$_{2}$ -narcosis time favorable for colony development was identified in Bombus terrestris. CO$_{2}$ -narcosis time divided into five classes: 11 days of adult emergence (A-11), the day of adult emergence (A-0), late pupal stage (LP), middle pupal sta ge (MP), and early pupal stage (EP). In egg-laying characteristics, the oviposition rate of LP, A-11 and A-0 was over 76.0$\%$, but that of MP and EP was less than 61.1 $\%$. At the same time, the days needed to first oviposition shortened to 9.8 ­10.5 days in A-11, A-O and LP, comparing to 13.7 -16.1 days in MP and EP. The rate of colony foundation, progeny-queen produced and period of colony foundation of A-11 were the best results in among those at different CO$_{2}$-treatment time. The number of worker produced was 109.2 -110.5 in A-H, LP and A-H, comparing to 82.0 - 86.8 in MP and EP. Also, the number of progeny-queen produced of A-H, A-O and LP was 36.1, 41.0 and 71.3, respectively, which corresponded to 1.5 - 3.1 fold higher than MP and EP. Taken these together, CO$_{2}$-narcosis time favorable for colony development was determined to be 11 days of adult emergence. Also, the day of adult emergence and late pupal stage showed a positive effect on the oviposition and colony development in CO$_{2}$-narcosis time.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1984

A mass fecal examination was performed in Seoul, Korea from December 1983 to March 1984 and 15 egg positive cases of Fibricola seoulensis were discovered. They were treated with praziquantel($Distocide{\circledR}$) 20mg/kg single dose and magnesium salt for purgation. The adult worms of F. seoulensis were collected from 6 of them. The number of the flukes ranged 1-78 by the case. The cases had no clinical manifestation at all. They were all Korean males in twenties, and had the histories of eating the roast or raw snakes or frogs. Fibricoliasis is expected to be prevalent among the snake-eaters in Korea. Further cases will be detected by sedulous differentiation of thinshelled immature operculated eggs of 0.08~0.102mmn length. Praziquantel seems to be an excellent chemotherapeutic for fibricoliasis.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2005

Occurrence and prevalence of Marteilioides chungmueasis have been reported in several waters around Tongyeong but no report has been made for Pukman bay. Therefore, we investigated that the prevalence and infection intensities in Pukman Bay at the inside and the outside areas which are hydrographically divided by tidal current. Furthermore, various environmental parameters were investigated in order to elucidate effective parameter for parasitic infection. Infection rates of Marteilioides chungmuensis in adult oysters were ranged 3.3-20.0% at the inside area during September 2002 through January 2003, and 3.3-30.9% at the outside area during August 2002 through January 2003. External manifestation of infected oyster consisted of abnormal egg masses with nodular appearance in the soft tissue. Histopathological symptoms included massive hemocytic infiltration within or around the follicle wall and atrophic epithelium of digestive diverticula. For the environmental parameters, comparative study made differences between two side of the Bay during the infection period: inside > outside for SS while inside < outside for chlorophyll-a. A positive relationship was observed between chlorophyll-a and infection period, which might indicate the difference in food availability between two areas. The prevalence of ovarian parasite Marteilioides chungmuensis, therefore, was highly associated with food availability. Pearson's correlation analysis was made between environmental parameters and infection prevalence. Significance was observed in water temperature (p < 0.05), suspended solids (p < 0.01) and chlorophyll-a (p < 0.05). A principle component analysis showed that infection of the ovarian parasite, Marteilioides chungmuensis, exhibited effects of seasonality (component I = 55.2%) and chemical/physical environmental factors (component II = 24.4%). These results clearly indicate that the infection of ovarian parasite, M. chungmuensis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is closely associated with seasonality and food availability.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2000

Food service management without nutrition education in school foodservice is hardly to improve nutritional status of school children. Therefore, this study was attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education. The nutrition education was done for 82 5th grade children of 2 elementary school in Inchon. It has been performed for two month from Sep. 6 to Nov. 11, 1999. Also, to evaluate the effects of nutrition education, subjects were taken pretest for food habit, attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary intake through the questionnaires. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SPSS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The average height and weight for subjects are 141cm and 34.4kg. Most of the subjects had 2 siblings. 83.8% of the subjects has never been taken nutrition education. Otherwise, 85.2% of the subjects responded that they need a nutrition education. 2) For the food habit test results, the posttest mean scores increased. Food habit on vegetables showed significant difference between pretest and posttest(p<0.05). 3) The attitude test did not show the significant difference between pretest and posttest. 4) For the nutrition knowledge test result, the pre and posttest means were 47.59 and 57.12 respectively(p<0.001). 5) The correlations of food habit, attitude, and nutrition knowledge was positive relationship between food habit and attitude in the pre and posttest. 6) Intake frequency of foods increased for the most foods except meat, egg, milk, and drink as compaired pretest with posttest. Cereal, fish, and oil intake was significantly increased. 7) The intakes of most nutrients were increased, among which carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, and vitamin C intakes significantly different after education. The education period of this study was too short to improve their eating behavior and food choice and may need a long-term education and development of materials for nutrition education.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2002

It is an important task to give adequate nutritions to infants and to wean properly for rapid growth. This study was conducted to survey on doing the weaning activities of the first-time mother. This study was to provide basic data of health teaching and nursing intervention for the promotion of ideal weaning activities. Survey was done from January to February in 2001. Total 444 mothers who have first-time baby under twelve month old were interviewed in five community health center around contry (Seoul, Choung-ju, Asan, Cheon-an, Jeju). The results are summarized as follows; Starting time of weaning was common in four month old(40.4%). Most common daily weaning times by age showed once(under 3 months), twice(4 to 7 months), three times(8 to 12 months). The younger, the more commercial weaning products(p<0.01). Education level showed relatively positive relation with home-made weaning food(p<0.05). Items showed low scores in 4 to 7 months group were starting new food item, waiting at least one week interval to new food, feeding by milk bottle, allowing grasping spoon, consulting pediatrician for problems after weaning, starting from morning, regular schedule. Items showed low scores in 8 to 12 months group were feeding whole egg rather than yolk only up to 12 months, keeping weaning interval were increased, feeding by milk bottle, trying various cooking method, not giving commerical cooking and instant food and unproper raw milk feeding. In weaning activities by general factors, mother age, health status, marriage duration, monthly income were statistically significant (p<0.05). To improve good weening activities, targetting on low maternal age and poor health status, and low income group, developing teaching materials and training program for items showed low scores and proper weaning time, type of easy home-made food and easy cooking method should be provided. Further study on effect of nursing intervention to improve weaning activities are needed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2006

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), namely Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator), present a global health problem to about a half of the earth's population. In the Republic of Korea, STH were highly prevalent and were considered a high priority target for national control. To promote the control, a non-governmental organization named Korea Association for Parasite Eradication (currently Korea Association of Health Promotion) was founded in 1964, and mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics was performed twice a year from 1969 to 1995 targeting whole nationwide schoolchildren. Meanwhile, decreasing patterns of national STH infections have been monitored by 7 times' quinquennial national surveys targeting general population. In 1971, the overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 84.3% (Ascaris 58.2%, Trichuris 65.4%, and hookworms 10.7%), which became 63.2% in 1976, 41.1% in 1981, 12.9% in 1986, 3.8% in 1992, 2.4% in 1997, and 4.3% (Ascaris 0.03%, Trichuris 0.02%, and hookworms 0%) in 2004. During the control period, national economy rapidly developed, and living standards including environment, sanitation, and agricultural technology greatly improved, which undoubtedly boosted the STH control effects. Our experience indicates that social driving force to establish an eligible national control system to conduct repeated mass chemotherapy, together with improvement of environment and sanitation, is important for initiating and achieving STH control in a developing community.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.395-404
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• 2000

The gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic Index (HSI), egg size distribution, gonad development and reproductive characteristics of venus fish, Aphyocypris chinensis, were examined during March 1997- March 1998 in agricultural waterways of the Sedo-myun, Puyo county, Chungnam Province, Korea. Annual reproductive cycle was classified into the following five successive phases by monthly changes in GSI and the characteristics of ovary: quiescent phase (January- February), secondary growing and mature phase (March-May), ripe and spawning phase (June-July), degenerating and resting phase (August-September) and primary growing phase (October-December). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) showed clear seasonal pattern with two separate peaks. However, it exhibited a negative correlation to changes of GSI values. The regression analysis suggested that fecundity showed a strong positive linear relationship ($r^2\;=\;0.91$, n = 34) with body weight. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.4 : 1 in the natural population during the study. The minimum reproductive size of female and male venus fish was 38 mm and 33 mm in fork length, respectively.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 1984

An epidemiological study on Metagenimus yokegawai infection was performed in Samcheok-Bun, Kangwon Province during the period from November 1983 to October 1984. Formalin-ether concentration technique and Stoll's dilution egg counting method were employed to figure out the prevalence and infection intensity of M. yrtkogawai infection. The results are summarized as follow: 1. The Prevalence of M. yokogawai infection was 13.3% among 1,172 examined; 18.0% (114 out of 632) in male and 7.8% (42 out of 540) in female. 2. The Prevalence rates were different by stream; 15.5% in Ohsip-chon (stream), 11.8% in Maeup-chon and 1.6% in Gagok-chon. 3. Along the basin of Oship-chon; 8.2% at the lower reaches in Samcheok-eup, 25.9% at the middle reaches in Miro-myon and 6.2% at the upper reaches in Dogeoe-eup, respectively. 4. By age group, the highest fate (18.3∼20.2%) was observed in 30∼49 years of age (male 24.1∼28.7%, female 11.2∼13.2%). 5. By social strata, the positive rate was 15.0% (120 out of 799) in general inhabitants and 9.7% (36 out of 373) in school children. 6. Intensity by EPG count in feces was 419 in average; the light infection (less than 400 EPG) was 70.4%, moderate infection (401∼1,000 EPG) 19.4% and heavy infection (more than 1,001 EPG) 10.25 respectively. 7. All the 67 sweetfish (length 10.3∼18.5cm) which were caught from Ohsip-stream were infected with metacercariae of M. yokogawai and the number of metacercariae detected were 382 per fish in average (323 in June and 382 in September). 8. Experiences of intake of raw fresh-water fish [Plecoglossus altivelis and Leuciscus (Tribolodon〕 were present in 50.3U (354 out of 704) of the inhabitants along Ohsip-stream according to questionnaire study. The results of this survey indicated that the middle reaches of Ohsip-stream in Miro-myon, Samcheok-gun is the endemic region for M. yokogawai infection.