• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.76-90
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to classify women's face types and to analyze the measurement of face types. For study, 180 adult women(aged between 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area was sampled to be measured for facial types. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Means, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Distinction analysis. The major results were as followed. Women's face types were classified by 6 types and there were round shape(29.4%), oblong shape(18.9%), inverted triangle shape(16.1%), square shape(13.9%), egg shape(11.7%), diamond shape(10.0%) in the subject. Phyiognomic facial height was 182.38mm, the upper face length was 59.82mm, the middle face length 60.82mm, the lower face length 61.76mm, and the index of face length to face breadth was 1.35. The face width was 134.90mm, interocular distance 34.75mm, the nose width 33.93mm, and mouth width was 43.87mm. And also, differences from those measurements like forehead breadth, face length/bizygion breadth, forehead slopper, bigonion breadth, bignathion breadth, bignathion slopper.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.70-77
• /
• 2001

A preliminary experiment was conducted to produce fowl-typhoid resistant egg type breeds, using three brown egg layer breeders (ISA, Hyline, and Lohman) and two white egg layer breeders (ISA and Lohman). Various economic parameters were measured from day-old to mature stages using parent stocks of each breed. No significant difference in viabilities of mature hens from 34 to 66 wk of ages was found between brown(93.3%) and white(93.5%) egg layer breeders (P>0.05). Also, there was no difference in viabilities of mature cockerels. Although not significant, the mature body weights of brown egg layer breeders tended to be heavier than those of the white egg layer breeders both in hens and cockerels. No difference in feed intakes of mature brown and white hens were detected. Ages of sexual maturity of white and brown egg layer hens were 147.7 and 140.5 d, respectively (P<0.05). Egg production of white egg layer hens during 23-66 weeks age was significantly higher than their counterpart (81.4% vs. 75.0%). Comparisons of Haugh Unit, egg shape index, yolk color, and egg weight between brown and white eggs were not significantly different; however, the brown eggshells were thicker and stronger than those of white eggs (P<0.05).

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.3_spc
• /
• pp.443-448
• /
• 2021

Objective: Astaxanthin is a natural super antioxidant. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of astaxanthin rich Phaffia rhodozyma (PR) supplementation in diets on laying production performance, egg quality, antioxidant defenses and immune defenses in laying hens. Methods: A total of five hundred and twelve 60-week-old Lohmann Brown laying hens (2,243±12 g) were randomly assigned to four groups, each including 4 replicates with 32 birds per replicate. Astaxanthin rich PR was added to corn-soybean meal diets to produce experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 800 mg/kg, 1,200 mg/kg, and 1,600 mg/kg PR, respectively. The astaxanthin content in the diet was 0.96 mg/kg, 1.44 mg/kg and 1.92 mg/kg respectively. Results: Results showed that dietary PR supplementation tended to increase daily feed intake (p = 0.0512). There was no effect of astaxanthin rich PR on Haugh units, albumen height, egg shape index, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness at weeks 6 (p>0.05). However, egg yolk color was significantly improved (p<0.05). In addition, astaxanthin rich PR supplementation significantly increased serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity (p<0.05), increased serum immunoglobulin G content (p<0.05), and reduced malondialdehyde content (p<0.05) in laying hens. Conclusion: In conclusion, astaxanthin rich PR can improve the color of egg yolk, enhance the antioxidant defenses, and regulate the immune function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.7
• /
• pp.1006-1013
• /
• 2015

Heat-stress remains a costly issue for animal production, especially for poultry as they lack sweat glands, and alleviating heat-stress is necessary for ensuring animal production in hot environment. A high ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producer Lactobacillus strain was used to investigate the effect of dietary GABA-producer on laying performance and egg quality in heat-stressed Hy-line brown hens. Hy-Line brown hens (n = 1,164) at 280 days of age were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the amount of freeze-dried GABA-producer added to the basal diet as follows: i) 0 mg/kg, ii) 25 mg/kg, iii) 50 mg/kg, and iv) 100 mg/kg. All hens were subjected to heat-stress treatment through maintaining the temperature and the relative humidity at $28.83{\pm}3.85^{\circ}C$ and 37% to 53.9%, respectively. During the experiment, laying rate, egg weight and feed intake of hens were recorded daily. At the 30th and 60th day after the start of the experiment, biochemical parameters, enzyme activity and immune activity in serum were measured. Egg production, average egg weight, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and percentage of speckled egg, soft shell egg and misshaped egg were significantly improved (p<0.05) by the increasing supplementation of the dietary GABA-producer. Shape index, eggshell thickness, strength and weight were increased linearly with increasing GABA-producer supplementation. The level of calcium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein and albumin in serum of the hens fed GABA-producing strain supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the hens fed the basal diet, whereas cholesterol level was decreased. Compared with the basal diet, GABA-producer strain supplementation increased serum level of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.009) and superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, GABA-producer played an important role in alleviating heat-stress, the isolated GABA-producer strain might be a potential natural and safe probiotic to use to improve laying performance and egg quality in heat-stressed hens.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 1999

Experiments were performed to study the activity and fertility of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) sperm after the courses of cold storage and cryopreservation. The head of spermatozoon showing spherical shape was sized $1.26{\pm}0.08 \{mu}textrm{m}$ in diameter and its nucleus contained numerous granular chromatins. Flagellum of tail showed typical 9＋2 structure. Preservation of grey mullet sperm was the most effective when it was stored with serum of the same species at $0^{\circ}C$ and sperm activity index was similar in egg-tris, 0.1 M, 0.3 M and 0.5 M glucose. When grey mullet sperm were cryopreserved in MFRS as diluent with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide was effective compared with other diluents. Some of post-thawed spermatozoa showed the enlarged head and ruptured plasma membrane compared with unfrozen spermatozoa.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild yeast mutant), Saccharomyces cerevisiae hFeHLC (ferritin containgig yeast) and chelated Fe diets on the Productivity and egg qualify of laying hens. A total of 245 'Brown Tetra' layers 35 weeks aged was randomly alloted to seven dietary treatments : 1) control diet no iron added, 2) diet supplemented $0.1\%$ wild yeast mutant (YM03), 3) diet supplemented $1.0\%$ wild yeast mutant (YM03), 4) diet supplemented $0.1\%$ ferritin with yeast (YF04), 5) diet supplemented $1.0\%$ ferritin with yeast (YF04), 6) diet supplemented $0.01\%$ chelated Fe and 7) diet supplemented $0.1\%$ chelated Fe. The egg Production rate was significantly increased in layers 134 Fe supplemented diets (p<0.05). Egg weight was significantly reduced in layers fed $0.1\%$ chelated Fe diet (P<0.05). Fe content of egg yolk was significantly increased in $1.0\%$ YF04 and $0.1\%$ chelated Fe treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in shape index, albumin index and yolk index of eggs of layers fed diets Fe supplementation (P>0.05). The haugh unit of eggs was significantly increased in layers fed YM03, YF04 and chelated Fe supplemented diets (p<0.05). TBA value of egg was significantly increased in different iron Fe treatments except of $0.1\%$ YM03 (P<0.05). The yolk cole. of eggs was significantly increased in $1.0\%$ YF04 diet (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.247-260
• /
• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the histomorphological changes of ovaries obtained from 100 of 1-year-old female Korean loach(misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The light microscopic and ultrastructural changes ofooplasm and follicular membranes of oocytes, were observed by lightand transmission electron microscope during the reproductive cycle. All data were collected from November in 1991 to May in 1992. The results obtained in this study were as follows: The size of the nucleoli and number of the yolk granules increased as the oocytes grown. Yolk granules were loosely deposited in the oocytes as crystalline granules. Due to the presence of large early and late maturing oocytes, their ovaries were enlarged, transparent, granular and yellowish in color. The lattice was broken down at hydration, leaving the egg transparent. As the percentages of fish in LMO and RO stage increased from March to April, mean gonadosomatic index(GSI) values(18.49%) increased. Zona radiata change a squamous into cuboid shape in EMO stage. Processes from the granulosa cells and from the oocyte, microvilli grow and make contact with other in the pore canals of the zona radiata during vitellogenesis, but are withdrawn as the zona radiata becomes more compact and devoid of pore canals during oocyte maturation. Seasonal changes in the microscopic appearance of the ovaries were well correlated with those in both GSI and macroscopic appearance.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.189-198
• /
• 2007

The reproductive cycle, egg capsules in the egg-mass, first sexual maturity, and sex ratio of the bladder moon, Glossaulax didyma ($R\ddot{o}ding$) were investigated. The gastropods collected from the intertidal zone of Biin Bay, Seocheon, Korea were studied by using histological analysis and morphometric data. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of females and males began to increase in March and reached maximum in May. Then their values sharply decreased from late in May to August due to spawning. The condition index (CI) began to increase in February and reached maximum in May, then gradually declined in the spawning period. The CI calculated for determination of the spawning period was coincided with changes in the GSI and gonadal phases. Spawning occurred between late in May to August in females and early in May to August in males. Spawning peak was observed between July and August when the seawater temperature rose to 19 $^{\circ}C$. Reproductive cycle with the gonadal development phases of this species can be divided into five successive stages in females and four in males: in females, early active stage (December to February), late active stage (February to March), ripe stage (April recovery stage (August to November); in males, active stage (December to March), ripe stage (March to July), copulation stage (early May to August), and recovery stage (August to January). Fully matured oocytes were approximately 250-270 ${\mu}m$ in size. The egg-mass was a hat in shape, and a number of egg capsules were found in an egg-mass. An egg capsule was 0.53-0.57 mm in size. An embryo (veliger larva) hatched from an egg capsule. Percentage of first sexual maturity in females and males were over 50% for individuals that are 40.1-45.0 mm in shell radius, and 100% for those that are over 45.1 mm. The sex ratio of female to male was significantly different from 1:1 $(x^2\;=\;57.22,\;p\;<\;0.05)$.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.207-220
• /
• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the ultrastructural changes of ooplasm and follicular membrane of oocytes, obtained from 150 of 3-year-old female rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). All data were collected from March in 1989 to February in 1990, and from August to October in 1991. The size of the nucleoli and number of the yolk granules increased as the oocyte growed. Yolk granules were deposited in the oocyte as crystalline granules. Due to the presence of large early and late maturing oocytes, their ovaires were enlarged, transparent and granular. The lattice was broken down at hydration, leaving the egg transparent. As thepercentages of fish in LPO and EMO stage increased from September to October, Mean GSI values increased. Follicle cells such as granulosa cell and thecal cell change a squamous into cuboid shape in LPO and EMO stage. Seasonal changes in the microscopic appearance of the ovaries were well correlated with those in bothgonadosomatic index and macroscopic apearance. Under the natural conditions,t he ovarian follicle influences the histological development and periodical secretion of the hormones, sufficient for a oogenesis and gonadal steroid production. The electrophoretic pattern of major band in mature stage was much thicker(70∼110k dalton) than that in previtellogenic phase.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2004

Gonadosomatic index, condition index and reproductive cycle with the gonadal development of the female Octopus ocellatus were investigated by histological observations and morphometric data, from January to December, 2000. And changes in biochemical components of the ovary and the trunk tissues including the digestive organ associated with gonadal development were studied by biochemical analysis from January to October, 2001. The specimens were collected at the coastal waters of Buan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, from January 2000 to October 2001. O. ocellatus is a dioecious organism. The gonad of O. ocellatus locates medially in posterior region of the body. Morphology of the ovary shows round and oval in shape, the average diameter and external colour of ripe ovary was 32 mm and semitransparent light brown in colour. As the ovary was getting mature, transparent elongated eggs covered with chorion were present in the ovarian cavity. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed a similar pattern with those of the condition index. The GSI and condition index began to increase in March and reached the maximum in April. And then, their values decreased from May and reached the minimum in September. Reproductive cycle of O. ocellatus can be categorized into five successive stages: early developing stage (September to December), late developing stage (November to March), ripe stage (March to May), partially spawned stage (April to June), and degenerative/resting stage (June to October). Follicle cells attached to an oocyte were involved in vitellogenesis in the cytoplasm of the vitellogeneic oocyte and formation of chorion (secondary egg membrane) of the ovarian eggs. Spawning occurred between April and June. The spawning period was once a year and the peak took place between May and June. This species belongs to semelparity. According to changes in biochemical contents of the ovary and the digestive organ, monthly variations of moisture, total protein, total lipid and glycogen contents (%) in the ovary showed a negative correlationship with those of the trunk tissues including the digestive organ. Accordingly, it is assumed that the ovary only may be received nutrient supply (total lipid content) for gonadal development from the trunk tissues including the digestive organ (r = -0.55, p < 0.05).