• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2006.11b
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• pp.981-989
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• 2006

The purpose of this article is to depict the relationship between the frames of leadership and the dependent variables such as job satisfaction, respect from subordinates, promotion, and effective attainment of unit objectives. To attain this purpose, for types of multiple leadership frames, such as structural, human resources, political, and symbolic frames were surveyed through questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS. The major findings are : 1) In general, the symbolic frame is an important factor having a stronger influence on job satisfaction, respect from subordinates, promotion, and effective attainment of unit objectives. 2) In details, the human resources frame shows a positive effects on job satisfaction and respect; the structural frame on effective attainment of unit objectives; the political frame, to a certain degree, on promotion; and the symbolic frame, especially on respect from subordinates, promotion, and effective attainment of unit objectives.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.497-503
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and mechanism of the cryo-precipitation, solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment, monoclonal anti-FVIIIc antibody (mAb) column chromatography, Q-Sepharose column chromatography, and lyophilization involved in the manufacture of antithemophilic factor VII(GreenMono) from human plasma, in the removal and/or inactivation of blood-borne viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus (BHV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV), were all selected for this study. BHV and EMCV were effectively partitioned from a factor VII during the cryo-precipitation with a log reduction factor of 2.83 and 3.24, respectively. S/D treatment using the organic solvent, tri(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and the detergent, Triton X-100, was a robust and effective step in inactivating enveloped viruses. The titers of BHV and BVDV were reduced from the initial titer of 8.85 and $7.89{log_10} {TCID_50}$, respectively, reaching undetectable levels within 1 min of the S/D treatment. The mAb chromatography was the most effective step for removing nonenveloped viruses, EMCV and PPV, with the log reduction factors of 4.86 and 3.72, respectively. Q-Sepharose chromatography showed a significant efficacy for partitioning BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV with the log reduction the log reduction factors of 2.32, 2.49, 2.60, and 1.33 respectively. Lyophilization was an effective step in inactivating g nonenveloped viruses rather than enveloped viruses, where the log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, DMCV, and PPV were 1.41, 1.79, 4.76, and 2.05, respectively. The cumulative log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV were ${\geqq}$11.12, ${\geqq}$7.88, 15.46, and 7.10, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for GreenMono has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of the virus safety.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.15-27
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences of visual image by variations in the location of the waistline and the width of the round belt of the basic pants. The stimuli are 21 samples: 7 variations of the location of the waistline and 3 variations of the width of the belt. The data has been obtained from 35 fashion design majors. The data has analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, anova, scheffe's test and the MCA method. The visual image by the location of waistline and the width of belt are composed of 3 factors : modernity, comfort and attraction factor. In these factors, modernity factor is estimated as the most important factor. The visual image is modern and attractive as the location of waist line goes down. And when the location of waist line is in the position of natural waist belt, belt of 3.2cm width is visually effective. Belt of 4.2cm width is effective except the position of natural waist belt. The interaction effects between the location of the waistline and the width of the belt have significant differences in comfort and attraction factors. As the main effect, significant differences were observed in all of the three factors according to the location of waistline and the width of belt.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Subcritical water which acts as organic solvent with increasing temperature and pressure because dielectric constant and viscosity decrease can be used to remediate PAHs-contaminated soil. Factors influencing on extraction were studied with varying the water temperature $200{\sim}275^{\circ}C$, extraction time 0~90 min, flow rate 10~100 mL/min and pressure 3.9~10MPa. 300 g of soil sample which was contaminated with PAHs(naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene; 423, 420, 539 and 428 mg/kg of initial concentration) was packed into the cell and placed to reactor and then the subcritical water was pumped through the cell for PAHs extraction. Naphthalene was removed almost 100% at relatively low temperature ($200^{\circ}C$). The removal rate of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene increased by 8, 26, and 23% when the temperature increased from 200 to $275^{\circ}C$; and it was gradually increased as extraction time increased from 0 to 90 min. Decreasing removal rate when water flow rate increased from 10 to 30 mL/min, but there was no significant change after 30 mL/min. This is supposed due to channeling phenomenon. The pressure was not an effective factor for extraction of PAHs in this study. Based on the results, the importance of effective factor was in following sequence: temperature >> time > flow rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1990

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of residual stresses on the $\Delta$K$\sub$th/ and fatigue crack growth behavior of butt weldments. For this purpose, transverse butt sutmerged arc welding was performed on SM50A steel plate and CT(compact tension) specimens which loading direction is perpendicular to weld bead were selected. Welding residual stresses distribution on the specimen was determined by hole drilling method. The case of crack located parallel to weld bead, the states of as weld and PWHT, $\Delta$K$\sub$th/ of specimens(HAZ, weld zone) was higher than that of the base metal probably because of the compressive residual stresses of crack tip. In low $\Delta$K region, it is estimated that the effects of residual stresses for da/dN are great. In region II, the da/dN of weldments in as weld state was lower than that of the base metal. Though da/dN of Weldments in PWHT state was similar to that of the base metal. The constant of power law, m in two states consisted with the base metal. Therefore , it is estimated that the value of m is not affected by residual stresses. Fatigue crack growth behavior of weldments consisted with the base metal considering the effective stress intensity factor range($\Delta$K$\sub$eff/) included the effect of initial residual stress(Kres). Thus, we can predict the fatigue crack growth behavior of weldment by knowing the distribution of initial residual stress at the crack tip.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.838-842
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• 2006

0.03Pb$(Sb_{0.5}Nb_{0.5})O_{3}-0.03Pb(Mn{1/3}Nb{2/3)O_{3}-(0.94-x)PbTiO_{3}-xPbZrO_{3}$ ceramics doped with $CeO_{2}$ were synthesized by conventional bulk ceramic processing technique. Phases analysis, microstructures and piezoelectric properties were investigated as a function of $CeO_{2}$ content (0.03, 0.05, 0.1 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt%). Microstructures and phases information were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Mechanical quality factor ($Q_{m}$) and coupling factor(kp) were obtained from the resonance measurement method. Both $Q_{m}$ and $k_{p}$ were shown to reach to the maximum at 0.1 wt% $CeO_{2}$. In order to evaluate the stability of resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling factor ($K_{eff}$) as a function of $CeO_{2}$, the variation of resonance and anti-resonance frequency were also measured using a high voltage frequency response analyzer under various alternating electric fields from 10 V/mm to 80 V/mm. It was shown that the stability of resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling factor were increased with increasing the $CeO_{2}$ contents.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 1994

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) was known as effective method in treatments of couples who unable to be helped by conventional in vitro fertilization. In 78 treatment cycles of 78 infertile couples using ICSI performed at our infertility clinic between May and August 1994 were analyzed. These patients were classified two groups, andrological factor(AF) and non-andrological factor(non-AF) group. The AF group, which had abnormal sperm physiology, included oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OATS) and microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration(MESA) patients. The non-AF group, which had abnormal oocyte physiology, included abnormal zona pellucida, poor quality of oocyte and immune factor infertile patients. A single spermatozoon was injected into the ooplasm of 776 metaphase II oocytes. The fertilization rate was 44.6%(346/776) and 319 embryos were transferred. After 73 embryo transfers(93.6% of treatment cycles) 23 pregnancies were estabilshed, i. e. pregnancy rate of 29.4% per started cycle and 31.5% per embryo transfer. Fertilization rate of AF and non-AF group was 46.2% and 35.8%, pregnancy rate was 34.5%(20/58) and 20.0%(3/15), respectively. In order to increase the pregnancy rate, assisted hatching(AHA) has done after lCSl in 47 treatment cycles. Pregnancy rate of ICSI with AHA and without AHA group was 34. 0% (16/47) and 26.9%(7/26), respectively. ICSI was more effective in andrological factor infertility and the pregnancy rate was increased by ICSI with AHA procedure.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-61
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to examine the cognition and the attitudes towards the oriental medicine of the nursing students. The questionnaire consisted of the 8 general questions, the 19 questions on the medical characteristics and the 36 questions on the cognition and the effects of the oriental medicine. As the result of the factor analysis, the four factors were divided. In the factor one, they were affirmative in the cognition and the effects of the herbs and the acupuncture and so on. Whreas they considered the western medicine more effective in the surgeon, the operation and the microbial disease. In the factor two, they said that the oriental medicine agreed with their constitution. They had a good recognition of the herbs and recognized its effects, adding that the oriental medicine was mysterious. In the factor three, they said that the oriental medine lacked the scientific bases and herb medicine were not convenient, But they recognized their effects. In the factor four, they recognizd the limit of the oriental medicine. They thought that it was desirable to utilize the oriental medicine with the western medicine as the complementary relation. The corelation between each type and the general features had relationship(P<0.05) as follows: the grade and factor 1, the age and factor 1, family situation and factor 4, family number and factor 4, and whether a family has a patient and factor 1. The higher the grade was, the much they had the western medical-oriented cognition. This was because ~he present nursing education system was the western medical-oriented one. It includs the only one oriental medical course. According to the results of this study, nursing students recognized the general effects of the oriental medical from the disease prevention to its treatment in the first grade. But they came to consider the oriental medical as the complementary fact of the western medical as their grade was higher. However, owing to the application of the oriental medical insurance, the use of the oriental medicine is on the increase and in the nursing field the atteention on the oriental nursing is growing too. There fore the suitable application of the courses related to the oriental medical is required for activating the oriental medicine.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.37-50
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to present basic data that can express beautiful silhouette by studying visual effect that depend on waist position of basic pants and the change of round belt width and analyzing the study of visual effect of the pattern design as well as the effect of design component. The stimuli are 21 samples: 7 variations of the location of the waistline and 3 variations of the width of the belt. The data has been obtained from 35 fashion design majors. The data has analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, anova, scheffe's test and the MCA method. The visual effects by the location of waistline and the width of belt are composed of 3 factors : horizontal direction factor, vertical direction factor and flexuosity factor. In these factors, horizontal factor is estimated by most important factor. Visual effect is positive when belt width widens as the location of waist line goes down to position of low belt. And in case the location of waist line is in the position of natural waist belt and low rise belt, belt of 3.2cm width is effective visually. The interaction effects between the location of the waistline and the width of the belt have significant differences in all factors. Factor that appears in visual effect of basic pants can be evaluated differently according to pattern of pants and characteristic of body shape. So we may receive better visual assessment if we consider the location of waist belt and width of belt in side of visual effect and image, when we produce pants giving variety to crotch depth.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate and compare the radiopacity of dentin, enamel, and 8 restorative composites on conventional radiograph and digital images with different resolutions. Materials and Methods: Specimens were fabricated from 8 materials and human molars were longitudinally sectioned 1.0 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The specimens and tooth sections were imaged by conventional radiograph using #4 sized intraoral film and digital images were taken in high speed and high resolution modes using a phosphor storage plate. Densitometric evaluation of the enamel, dentin, restorative materials, a lead sheet, and an aluminum step wedge was performed on the radiographic images. For the evaluation, the Al equivalent (mm) for each material was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05), considering the material factor and then the radiographic method factor, individually. Results: The high speed mode allowed the highest radiopacity, while the high resolution mode generated the lowest values. Furthermore, the high resolution mode was the most efficient method for radiographic differentiation between restorative composites and dentin. The conventional radiograph was the most effective in enabling differentiation between enamel and composites. The high speed mode was the least effective in enabling radiographic differentiation between the dental tissues and restorative composites. Conclusion: The high speed mode of digital imaging was not effective for differentiation between enamel and composites. This made it less effective than the high resolution mode and conventional radiographs. All of the composites evaluated showed radiopacity values that fit the ISO 4049 recommendations.