• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.177-197
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• 1995

The endodontically treated tooth is generally restored with post & core, owing to the brittleness and the loss of large amount of tooth structure. Although there have been lots of studies about the endodontically treated teeth, the three-dimensional quantitative studies about the strees distribution of them are in rare cases. In this study, it was assumed that the coronal portion of the upper incisou had severely damaged. After the root canal therapy it was post cored, and restored with PFM crown, for this experiment nine types of model were constructed : 1); long, 2); medium, 3); short gold post for the roots supported with a narmal alveolar bone, 4); long, 5); medium, 6); short gold post for the roots supported with an alveolar bone resorbed to its 1/3 of root length, 7); long, 8); medium, 9); short base metal post for the roots supported with an alveolar bone resorbed to its 1/3 of root length. Force was applied from two directions. One was functional maximum bite force(300N) applied to the spot just lingual to the incisal edge with the angle of 45 degrees to the long axis of the tooth, and the other one was horizontal force(300N) applied to the labial surface. The results analyzed with three-dimensional finite element method were as follows : 1. Stress was concentrated on the middle portion of the labial side dentin of the root and the lingual portion of the apical dentin of the root. Stress in the post showed maximum value at 2 mm above the post apex. 2. In case of the long post and base metal post, strees was concentrated on the apex of the root and the post. 3. In case of the longer post, the displacement on the post-cement interface was lessened. The gold post was more displaceable than the base metal post. 4. In case of the alveolar bone resorption, stress concentrated on the root and the post and displacement on the post-cement interface were increased.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권4호
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• pp.565-570
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• 1996

충청북도(忠淸北道) 단양군(丹陽郡) 영춘면(永春面) 상리(上里) 휴석동(休石洞) 땅밀림형 산사태지(山沙汰地)에 대한 지형(地形) 및 지표이동특성(地表移動特性)을 조사 분석한 결과, 연구대상지에는 골락애(滑落崖), 인장균열(引張龜裂) 및 요지(凹地)와 계단상(階段狀) 지형(地形)이 여러 곳에 형성되어 있었다. 또한, 마을진입 횡단도로(橫斷道路)(구역 횡단도로)의 변형 및 건물(建物)(잠사(蠶舍)), 배수로(排水路) 등의 파괴와 수목(樹木)의 도복(到伏) 경도 (傾到) 등과 같은 땅밀림 산사태(山沙汰) 발생(發生)의 징후(徵候)가 현저하였다. 휴석동(休石洞) 산사태(山沙汰)의 이동토괴(移動土塊)는 주로 남동(南東)~남동동(南東東) 방향(方向)으로 이동하고 있으며, 이동토괴(移動土塊) 중심부의 지표이동량(地表移動量)은 월평균 약 17.6cm, 지표침하량(地表沈下量)은 연간 약 88.5cm인 것으로 분석되었다. 연구대상지 최하단부(最下端部)의 포락(浦落)벼랑은 7개월간(1995년 6월~12월) 깊이 0.823m의 토사가 침식된 것으로 측정되었으며, 전체 포락(浦落)벼랑에서 $4,938m^3$의 토사(土砂)가 남한강(南漢江)으로 유실(流失)된 것으로 나타났다. 휴석동(休石洞) 산사태(山沙汰)는 광범위한 면적에서 대규모로 발생되고, 특히 여름철 장마 홍수때에 이동량(移動量)이 급격히 증대하였으며, 이동토괴(移動土塊)의 이동속도 및 남한강변의 포락침식량을 고려하여 볼 때, 향후(向後) 산사태 재해의 발생이 우려되는 지역으로 분석되었다.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2013

본 논문은 다양한 굴착조건으로 모형실험을 실시하여 흙막이 벽체 우각부 구간의 거동에 대해 분석하였다. 실험대상 지반은 느슨한 상태의 모래지반으로 구성되었다. 실험의 시공조건은 우각부 길이, 근입깊이, 버팀대의 시공 유 무 등으로 구분하고 굴착은 총 4단계로 굴착하였다. 각각의 시공 및 굴착조건에 대해 모형토조 내 설치된 계측기를 이용하여 벽체변위 및 지표침하를 중점적으로 분석함으로써 우각부 모서리의 거동특성을 규명하였다. 실험결과 우각부의 길이가 길어질수록 벽체변위와 지표침하가 증가되어 직선구간에 비해 우각부구간이 구조적으로 불안한 구간으로 분석되었다. 근입깊이가 길어질수록 우각부 모서리구간의 지표침하가 약 40% 억제되는 것으로 나타나 설계 시 예상치보다 근입깊이를 증가시켜 적용하는 것이 안정성 확보에 유리하였다. 버팀대 추가 설치하여 우각부 모서리구간의 거동을 분석한 결과 최대지표침하는 약 40%, 최대수평변위는 약 30%의 감소효과가 있어 설계 시 우각부 모서리 구간에 근입깊이의 증가와 함께 버팀대를 추가 설치하는 방안이 안정성 확보에 효과적이었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2018

Most buildings feature core walls (and shear walls) that are placed eccentrically within the building to fulfil architectural requirements. Contemporary earthquake design standards require three dimensional (3D) dynamic analysis to be undertaken to analyse the imposed seismic actions on this type of buildings. A static method of analysis is always appealing to design practitioners because results from the analysis can always be evaluated independently by manual calculation techniques for quality control purposes. However, the equivalent static analysis method (also known as the lateral load method) which involves application of an equivalent static load at a certain distance from the center of mass of the buildings can generate results that contradict with results from dynamic analysis. In this paper the Generalised Force Method of analysis has been introduced for multi-storey buildings. Algebraic expressions have been derived to provide estimates for the edge displacement ratio taking into account the effects of dynamic torsional actions. The Generalised Force Method which is based on static principles has been shown to be able to make accurate estimates of torsional actions in seismic conditions. The method is illustrated by examples of two multi-storey buildings. Importantly, the black box syndrome of a 3D dynamic analysis of the building can be circumvented.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1716-1723
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• 2003

A stereoscopic PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) technique was employed to measure the 3 dimensional flow structure of turbulent wake behind a marine propeller with 5 blades. The out-of-plane velocity component was determined using two CCD cameras with the angular displacement configuration. Four hundred instantaneous velocity fields were measured for each of four different blade phases and ensemble averaged to investigate the spatial evolution of the propeller wake in the near-wake region from the trailing edge to one propeller diameter(D) downstream. The phase-averaged velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake developed along the blade surfaces. Tip vortices were generated periodically and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The out-of-plane velocity component and strain rate have large values at the locations of tip and trailing vortices. As the flow goes downstream, the turbulence intensity, the strength of tip vortices and the magnitude of out-of-plane velocity component at trailing vortices are decreased due to viscous dissipation, turbulence diffusion and blade-to-blade interaction.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.589-603
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• 2015

The mixed-mode stress intensity factors of 2-D angled cracks are evaluated by Petrov-Galerkin natural element (PG-NE) method in which Voronoi polygon-based Laplace interpolation functions and CS-FE basis functions are used for the trial and test functions respectively. The interaction integral is implemented in a frame of PG-NE method in which the weighting function defined over a crack-tip integral domain is interpolated by Laplace interpolation functions. Two Cartesian coordinate systems are employed and the displacement, strains and stresses which are solved in the grid-oriented coordinate system are transformed to the other coordinate system aligned to the angled crack. The present method is validated through the numerical experiments with the angled edge and center cracks, and the numerical accuracy is examined with respect to the grid density, crack length and angle. Also, the stress intensity factors obtained by the present method are compared with other numerical methods and the exact solution. It is observed from the numerical results that the present method successfully and accurately evaluates the mixed-mode stress intensity factors of 2-D angled cracks for various crack lengths and crack angles.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.55-80
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• 2014

The present work pays emphasis on investigating the effect of different types of debonding on the bending behaviour of active sandwich beam, consisting of both extension and shear actuators. An active sandwich beam finite element is formulated by using Timoshenko's beam theory, characterized by first order shear deformation for the core and Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory for the top and bottom faces. The problem of debondings of extension actuator and face are dealt with by employing four-region model for inner debonding and three-region model for the edge debonding respectively. Displacement based continuity conditions are enforced at the interfaces of different regions using penalty method. Firstly, piezoelectric actuation of healthy sandwich beam is assessed through deflection analysis. Then the effect of actuators' debondings with different boundary conditions on bending behavior is computationally evaluated and experimentally clamped-free case is validated. The results generated will be useful to address the damage tolerant design procedures for smart sandwich beam structures with structural control and health monitoring applications.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.669-691
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• 2014

Since low-rise residential buildings are the most common and vulnerable structures in coastal areas, a reliable prediction of their performance under hurricanes is necessary. The present study focuses on developing a refined finite element model that is able to more rigorously represent the load distributions or redistributions when the building behaves as a unit or any portion is overloaded. A typical 5:12 sloped low-rise residential building is chosen as the prototype and analyzed under wind pressures measured in the wind tunnel. The structural connections, including the frame-to-frame connections and sheathing-to-frame connections, are modeled extensively to represent the critical structural details that secure the load paths for the entire building system as well as the boundary conditions provided to the building envelope. The nail withdrawal, the excessive displacement of sheathing, the nail head pull-through, the sheathing in-plane shear, and the nail load-slip are found to be responsible for the building envelope damage. The uses of the nail type with a high withdrawal capacity, a thicker sheathing panel, and an optimized nail edge distance are observed to efficiently enhance the building envelope performance based on the present numerical damage predictions.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 고정 또는 자유 연단 조건의 모든 조합을 고려한 마름모꼴 평판의 휨 진동에 대한 엄밀한 해석방법을 제시한다. 본 논문의 주된 관점은 마름모꼴 평판 둔각 모서리의 경계조건이 고정 또는 자유일 때 휨응력의 특이도를 엄밀히 고려하여 해석하는 것이다. 고정 또는 자유인 모서리 응력 특이도의 중대한 영향력이 이해 될 수 있도록 충분히 큰 165。 둔각모서리를 갖는 마름모꼴 평판에 대하며 엄밀한 무차원 진동수와 수직 변동변위의 전형적인 등고선을 제시하였다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2015

Ultrasonic machining (USM) has been considered a new, cutting-edge technology that presents no heating or electrochemical effects, with low surface damage and small residual stresses on brittle workpieces. However, nowadays, many researchers are paying careful attention to the disadvantages of USM, such as low productivity and tool wear. On the other hand, in this study, a high-performance rotary ultrasonic drilling (RUD) spindle is designed and assembled. In this system, the core technology is the design of an ultrasonic vibration horn for the spindle using finite element analysis (FEA). The maximum spindle speed of RUM is 9,600 rpm, and the highest harmonic displacement is $5.4{\mu}m$ noted at the frequency of 40 kHz. Through various drilling experiments on glass workpieces using a CVD diamond-coated drill, the cutting force and cracking of the hole entrance and exit side in the glass have been greatly reduced by this system.