• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.3007-3013
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• 2016

Background: Gastrointestinal cancers are common malignancies associated with high mortality rates. Healthcare systems are always faced with high costs of treatment of gastrointestinal cancers including stomach cancer. Identification and prioritization of these costs can help determine economic burden and then improve of health planning by policy-makers. This study was performed in 2015 in Kerman City aimed at estimating the direct hospital costs for patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the medical records of 160 patients with stomach cancer admitted from 2011 to 2014 to Shafa Hospital were examined, the current stage of the disease and the patients' health status were identified, and the direct costs related to the type of treatment in the public and private sectors were calculated. SPSS-19 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: Of the patients studied, 103 (65%) were men and 57 (35%) were women. The mean age of patients was 65 years. Distribution into four stages of the disease was 5%, 20%, 30%, and 45%, respectively. Direct costs in four stages of the disease were calculated as 2191.07, 2642.93, 2877, and 2674.07 USD (63,045,879, 76,047,934, 82,783,019, and 76,943,800 IRR), respectively. The highest percentage of costs was related to surgery in Stage I and to medication in Stages II, III, and IV. According to the results of direct costs of treatment for stomach cancer in Kerman, the mean total cost of treating a patient in the public sector was estimated at 74,705,158 IRR, of which averages of 60,141,384 IRR and 14,563,774 IRR were the shares of insurance and patients, respectively. Conclusions: The high prevalence and diagnosis of disease in old age and at advanced stages of disease impose great costs on the patients and the health system. Early diagnosis through screening and selecting an appropriate treatment method might largely ameliorate the economic burden of the disease.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.389-400
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• 2007

Purposes: This study was designed to explore the stage distribution of subjects according to stage of change for calcium intake and for exercise, and to identify factors that could discriminate among subjects in various stages. Methods: The sample consisted of 142 subjects who had taken bone mineral densitometry tests. The instruments used in this study were the Stage Placement Instrument for Calcium Intake and Exercise, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, and the Osteoporosis Self Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using chi square, ANOVA, and discriminant analysis by using the SPSS 12.0 program. Results: For calcium stages, economic level, calcium knowledge, positive social norms for calcium intake, & educational level showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. For exercise stages, exercise efficacy, susceptibility, exercise benefit, educational level, positive social norm to exercise, educational level, and exercise barrier showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. Conclusion: This study implies that bone mass promoting program incorporating a stages of change model can be applied as useful nursing intervention.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.348-356
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• 2022

The article is devoted to substantiation of theoretical and methodical bases of formation of the organizational-economic mechanism of maintenance of stability of development of region on the bases of influence of potential-forming space in the conditions of formation of creative economy. It was found that the organizational-economic mechanism due to its multifaceted nature does not have a single generally accepted definition, and its acceptable scale and complexity is reflected in the structure, which is very dependent on the scope and conditions of its application, can be very different and contain different elements. In view of this, in order to highlight the characteristics that are inherent in the organizational-economic mechanism of sustainable development of the region on the basis of potential-forming space in the formation of creative economy, the article examines the properties and characteristics of direct organizational and economic mechanism. The necessity of basing the process of formation of any organizational-economic mechanism, including the organizational-economic mechanism of ensuring the sustainability of the region on the basis of the potential-forming space in the conditions of creative economy on the system of principles. In this context, the author's vision is proposed and a set of principles for the formation of organizational-economic mechanism for sustainable development of the region on the basis of the potential of the potential-forming space in the creative economy, as well as revealed the essence of each. According to the structural aspect, the organizational-economic mechanism of ensuring the sustainability of the region's development on the basis of the potential-forming space is proposed to be presented as a set of seven stages, which are implemented in a certain sequence. Within the limits of this research the sequence of realization of the stages making process of formation of the organizational-economic mechanism of maintenance of stability of development of region on the basis of influence of potential-forming space in the conditions of formation of creative economy is defined and their maintenance and essence is presented.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-42
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• 2020

This paper studies, from a quantity theory of money perspective, the reasons that North Korean inflation and exchange rates maintain stability while its economy is experiencing difficulties due to the international community's economic sanctions. In doing so, this paper uses both domestic and foreign currencies in an analytic model based on the quantity theory of money to cautiously reflect North Korea's dollarization as well as its management of its exchange rate. In particular, foreign currency holdings are divided into those for store-of-value purposes and those for transaction purposes. This paper shows that in the early stages, in which the amount of foreign currency holdings for store-of-value purposes is decreasing while the amount of foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes is intact, inflation and exchange rates both exhibit stable movements. In the middle stages, where the amount of foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes begins to fall, exchange rates show some increase and inflation decreases. In the final stages, when the amount of foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes significantly decreases, exchange rates and inflation both increase, and in some situations a crisis can happen. According to this paper's analysis, if the economic sanctions continue to the extent that the amount of North Korean foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes starts to fall, the exchange rate and inflation stability we see now are unlikely to be maintained.

• IE interfaces
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.3-17
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• 1992

In this study, an integrated economic analysis model to analyze the new telecommunication services is developed. This model considers both the technological and managerial aspests altogether with respect to the profit and public benefit criteria. To encounter the various dynamically changing environments and evaluation criteria, multiple criteria decision making (MCDM)techniques are employed. The model consists of three stages; The first stage surveys related formal or informal data, generates analysis alternatives, and performs acceptabillty test in view of marketing. The second stage generates executive alternatives for each acceptable analysis alternative and checks the executionability in view of telecommunication technologies. The third stage performs the final integrated economic analysis including the profitability analysis. This study offers a basis for the future development of decision support system or expert system on the economic analysis of the new telecommunication services.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop promotion strategies for revitalizing mountain eco-villages through social economic support. In order to fulfill this purpose, this study analyzed operation conditions, income creation structures of 240 mountain eco-villages formed by Korea Forest Service, and reviewed systems for social economic support. As summarized in research outputs, this study confirmed that the activities of organizations for joint projects had not been properly implemented due to the absence of supporting systems following the construction of mountain eco-villages. In addition, 159 villages formed as experience villages could not be qualified for enterprise systems due to aging population and absence of network systems. As for income creation, as indicated by comparing net incomes for joint projects calculated based on the classification of village management evaluation, the average net income of 51 highly-rated villages was 22 million Won and that of 128 moderately-rated villages was 3.5 million Won. Experience-based projects and the sales of processed forestry products made by young adult associations or women's societies were major sources of income, and the absence of inner economic bases or villages' jobs caused young adults and returned farmers to focus on working for outside economic activities. Finally, this study developed strategies for mountain eco-village's social economic promotion and suggested four stages of social economic revitalization provisions.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.191-211
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• 2023

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes high mortality and economic losses in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) aquaculture industry in Korea. Although, the immune responses of rock bream under RBIV infection have been studied, there is not much information at the different stages of infection (initial, middle and recovery). Gene expression profiling of rock bream under different RBIV infection stages was investigated using a microarray approaches. In total, 5699 and 6557 genes were significantly up- or down-regulated over 2-fold, respectively, upon RBIV infection. These genes were grouped into categories such as innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses, complements, lectin, antibacterial molecule, stress responses, DNA/RNA binding, energy metabolism, transport and cell cycle. Interestingly, hemoglobins (α and β) appears to be important during pathogenesis; it is highly up-regulated at the initial stage and is gradually decreased when the pathogen most likely multiplying and fish begin to die at the middle or later stage. Expression levels were re-elevated at the recovery stage of infection. Among up-regulated genes, interferon-related genes were found to be responsive in most stages of RBIV infection. Moreover, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) expression was high, whereas expression of apoptosis-relate genes were low. In addition, stress responses were highly induced in the virus infection. The cDNA microarray data were validated using quantative real-time PCR. Our results provide novel inslights into the broad immune responses triggered by RBIV at different infection stages.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.325-332
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• 2021

Foreign capital inflows play an essential role in each country's socio-economic growth, particularly for undeveloped and developing countries where capital accumulation is limited in the early stages of development, and Vietnam is no exception. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of foreign capital inflows on economic growth in Vietnam. The empirical method employed secondary time-series data set during the period 1995-2018 to determine the impact of FDI, foreign aid, foreign loans, and exports on economic growth in Vietnam by using a linear approach. For this study, data was collected from the World Bank and relevant agencies in Vietnam. The results show that FDI (net inflows), foreign aid, foreign loans, exports, and GDP (current), have a positive effect at a 1% significance level on economic growth. Rather, an increase in FDI (net inflows), foreign aid, foreign loans, exports has beneficial effects on the Vietnamese economy in the study period. Based on the findings of this study, the article proposes several important policy implications for Vietnam in maintaining a high rate of economic growth via the contribution of FDI inflows, foreign aid, foreign loans, and exports.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.45-51
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to reveal that digital Zakat has a role in economic development. Even when disasters hit densely populated areas in big cities, Zakat is distributed quickly and precisely. Research design, data, and methodology: This study uses literature studies with an approach to Islamic economics and sociology of society. The authenticity of this research is about the potential role of digital Zakat which can create sustainable economic development in slums. Result: The results of the study concluded that economic development in slums could be carried out if it collaborated with Zakat institutions which were carried out in several stages. The existence of sustainable solidarity is a serious threat in the effort to achieve development goals and this is very regrettable by almost everyone because it can increase economic inequality. Conclusion: Strategy development is obtained from empirical evidence, the construction of slums that have been carried out by other countries in various parts of the world who also have the same problem. Although statistically not analyzed the relationship between the potential for Zakat and the level of welfare of densely populated settlements, theoretically digital Zakat can be one of the pillars to achieve community welfare through the distribution of Zakat.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.347-361
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• 1991

The Sangeun ore deposit is located in a volcanic belt within the Gyeongsang Basin in south western Korea. The ore deposit is of representative epithermal Au-Ag quartz vein type developed in lapilli tuff. This paper presents the mineralization with special emphasis on mineral zoning of the deposits. Principal points are summarized as follows: (1) Four stages of mineralization are recognized based on macrostructures. From ealier to later they are stage I(arsenopyrite-pyrite-quartz), stage II(Au-Ag bearing Pb-Zn-quartz), stage III(barren quartz), and stage IV(dickite-quartz). (2) Electrum principally occurs with arsenopyrite and galena in stage II, and has chemical compositions of 72.9-67.1 Ag atom %, and has Ag/Au ratio of 2.69-2.04. (3) Sphalerite varies in its FeS content according to the mineralization stages; 22.03-18.60 mole % FeS and 1.33-0.23 mole % MnS in stage IB, 16.11-8.64 mole % FeS and 1.33-0.23 mole % MnS in stage II. (4) Alteration zones of mineral assemblage, from the vein to the wall-rock, consist of sericite - quartz - pyrite, sericite - quartz - dickite, sericite - chlorite plagioclase respectively.