• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.399-407
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• 2016

This study is about setting the weighed value of evaluation items for cultural tourism development project using AHP and it analyzed the cultural and ecological tourism infrastructure project in three cultural areas of Andong City. As a result of examining the reliability of evaluation items, it turned out to be 0.9, an appropriate level. In the analysis of weighed value, the items valued highly were in the order of validity of the plan, economic validity, validity of the policy. As for the detailed indices for the three that showed the highest weighed value, for validity of the plan, distinction of contents; for validity of the policy, compatibility of regional characteristics; for economic validity, sustainability were given high values. In the end, it could be concluded that as the cultural and ecological tourism infrastructure project in three cultural areas was delayed a lot more than previously planned, in order to flexibly respond to changing environment, it would be desirable to change parts of the previous plan before pushing ahead with it.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.187-200
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• 2020

Despite the eco-friendly route plan, road slopes were collapsed due to road construction, resulting in human and property damage. To solve this problem, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs established guidelines in 2009 to conduct a test-bed for slope recording considering the conditions of the site and the ecological environment, and divided them into recording quality and economic evaluation. The following results were obtained by analyzing 183 construction methods of cut-soil sections at 60 sites from 2012 to 2018 for road slope afforestation research. Straw net+seedspray, vegetation media spray method 1T, 3T were used the most, and vegetation media spray method 3T(patent) was excellent in quality, and straw net+seedspray was excellent in economics. As a result of analyzing the market unit price and the construction unit price, vegetation media spray method submitted the construction unit price at up to 60% lower than the market unit price. As a result of the analysis of the key factors of the greening method evaluation, the economic assessment had the greatest influence on all evaluation items. Problems in the evaluation method of revegetation were first identified as problems in the allocation of points and secondly as problems in the evaluation criteria. As for the improvement of the economic assessment criteria, the method was proposed to evaluate the same method based on market unit price when the same method was constructed, and not to conduct an economic assessment if there was a difference in market unit price between methods, or to add weight to the scores. Based on the monitoring data of 60 road slopes, this study drew up problems and improvement measures. However, with regard to scoring, research on appropriate scoring is needed by examining the current status.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2010

Incheon Free Economic Zone's Songdo Area is a newly constructed city built on land reclaimed from the seaside and the surrounding area. Yeongjong Area is made after Land reclamation between Yeongjong Island and Yongyou Island began in November 1992. The first phase linking these islands to create the Incheon International Airport (phase 1) and the Airport Town Square community was finished in March 2001. However, if we take a look at the overall status of the project as it is carried on at present, it is hard to deny that the project is trapped inside the same legal restrictions as are all other existing cities, which permits Songdo Area and Yeongjong Area to meet only very minimum standards. This study intends to analyze and assess the Incheon Free Economic Zone's Songdo Area and Yeongjong Area of environmentally friendly construction and to rate its current development status, exposing any problems and offering alternative solutions. In this paper, the current state of constructions in Songdo Area and Yeongjong Area were reviewed. Then a quantitative analysis and assessment for the Songdo Area and Yeongjong Area constructions of apartments, complex buildings, office buildings, school facilities, store and hotel facilities were conducted by using green building certification criteria. Finally the synthetic results of environmental performance evaluation for Incheon Free Economic Zone's Songdo Area and Yeongjong Area constructions and follow-up suggestions were described.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.394-407
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• 2023

Ecological restoration is an ecological technology that diagnoses problematic ecological spaces and restores the damaged ecosystem to a healthy appearance similar to its original appearance based on reference information obtained by analyzing intact nature. To achieve successful restoration, the project must be carried out in respect of a series of procedures. However, in Korea, restoration projects are usually actively promoted regardless of diagnostic evaluation, which wastes cost and energy, and the effect is not significant. As the reference information is not utilized, ecological restoration to return the damaged nature makes features different greatly from the appearance of nature, causing another damage. As the restoration effect is not evaluated, it is impossible to determine whether it is successful or not, and as a result, even if the project continues, there is no development and no effect. However, advanced societies have not only made academic progress by respecting these procedures but also have great economic effects along with the improvement of environmental conditions as ecological restoration has become an industry. Therefore, the international society recognizes ecological restoration as an important means of solving environmental problems at the global level, including climate change, and international organizations are actively promoting projects to treat the injured planet. However, most of the restoration projects promoted in Korea were evaluated below the level as a result of the evaluation of the effect. Nevertheless, those who have led low-quality projects are blocking plans to establish ecological restoration as a new industry that can contribute significantly to improving these levels, and thus the problem is expected to worsen. To solve this problem, it is necessary to filter out defective businesses by introducing a strict and correct project evaluation system by dividing it into before and after. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish ecological restoration as an industry and leave the process in the principles of the market.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2008

An emergy concept was used to evaluate the environment and economy of the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River in Korea. The emergy evaluations clearly showed ecological and socioeconomic characteristics of the estuarine areas that act as ecological and economic centers of surrounding areas. River, tide, and rain provided most of the renewable emergy inputs to the estuarine areas with their contribution to the total emergy input less than 8%. The estuarine areas mostly relied for their operation on the purchased emergy which accounted for $92{\sim}98%$ of the total emergy input to the systems. Emergy indices such as emergy use per unit area, population carrying capacity, environmental loading ratio, and emergy sustainability index revealed that the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River are not sustainable at the current level of economic activities in the areas. The ecological economic values of the environment of the areas were in the range of $7.29{\sim}22.06$ million Em\/ha/yr. They are more than twice that for the whole country, indicating the ecological and economic importance of the eatuarine areas. It is, therefore, urgent to establish and implement estuarine management policies to protect and restore the ecological and economic potentials of the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River. Management plans for the estuarine areas should include both demand-side measures such as reduction of population and economic concentration and consideration of ecological carrying capacity in planning stages for utilization and development of the areas, and supply-side ones such as restoration of degraded ecosystems and construction of new productive ecosystems.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2000

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management since 1970s. In the view of systems ecology, sustainable resource use strategies are considered to be essential in achieving sustainable development. During the last three decades, the discipline of systems ecology has applied ecological energetic analysis to the evaluation of the contribution of natural environments to economic systems. ENERGY analysis of main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems of a city was made including environmental energies, fuel, and inputs, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total EMERGY use of Pusan was 3.89 E22 sej/yr, about 90 percent of it was purchased sources from outside during eleven years from 1985 to 1995. EMERGY flows from the environment were less than 10 percent. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.10 and 10.45, respectively. EMERGY sustainability index is there(ore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Development of a city has been achieved in the short run by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.33-55
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• 2018

It has been noted that the main cause of biodiversity loss is influx of alien species. Specifically, habitats destruction, economic loss, and human injury are increasing due to invasive alien species. There were 2,167 alien species in Korea. 21 alien species of extraterrestrials including Lycorma delicatula, Solenopsis invicta, Myocastor coypus, and Spartina alterniflora at high risk through ecological risk assessment, are designated as invasive alien species. Alert species, which may have negative impact on ecosystems when they are introduced into the country, are assigned to 127 species through the ecosystem risk evaluation. To list such alien species to prevent invasion of alien species in advance, and to minimize damage caused by imported alien species, a national level management system called the Conservation and Use of Biological deversity Act was established, but there is a lack of a systematic management system in accordance with degree of risk. There is also a risk assessment chart should be developed thatreflects ecological characteristics of each taxon and evaluation criteria in predicting the risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2010

For sustainable use of the resources of uninhabited islands of Korea, their ecological economic potential needs to be fully integrated into their management policy and the carrying capacity of the islands should be evaluated before using or developing them. The emergy methodology was used to evaluate the ecological economic value and carrying capacity of Sungap-do which is an uninhabited island in Incheon, Korea. The system boundary for the emergy evaluation of the island included the sea area within 1km from the high tide level, following the management boundary for the uninhabited islands of Korea stipulated in the Law on the Conservation and Management of Uninhabited Islands. The total renewable emergy input to Sungap-do was $1.04{\times}10^{20}$ sej/yr from tidal energy. The annual ecological economic contribution of the island was evaluated high at 29.9 billion Em￦/yr. If Sungap-do were developed to the national average, its carrying capacity was 6,586 persons at the current living standard of Korea. The carrying capacity of Sungap-do for the long-term sustainability scenario was 2,337 persons at the same living standard as in the developed scenario. When only emergy contribution of the land area was considered, the carrying capacity of Sungap-do sharply decreased to 14 persons for the developed scenario and 5 persons for the long-term sustainability scenario. The carrying capacity of the uninhabited islands of Korea including Sungap-do, thus, needs to be considered from the initial stage of utilization or development projects to sustain the ecosystem benefits and their sustainable uses.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2006

The Korean government adopted the integrated stream water management policy recently with growing perception that natural disasters and pollution in Korea have been due not only to such human factors as urbanization and industrialization, but also to the policy of functionally separated management of irrigation, flood control and ecological management. Contrary to its good intention, research result shows that it is not realistic to expect that this new integrated policy in Korea will work well. In order to be an effective policy and program evaluation, this paper suggests that evaluation indicator on related programs and projects should be made through bottom-up process. For example, environmental benefit should be taken into account rather than just economic benefit, and cultural and social characteristics in the project region should be also considered seriously.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-256
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• 2021

Background and objective: The vitalization of urban agriculture has increased various forms of experience-based education using school gardens, which raised the importance of school gardens in terms of value as well as the need to develop an implementation system for education-based agricultural experience service using school gardens. Thus, we reset the evaluation indicators from the previous study to establish objective evaluation indicators that enable quantitative comparison of school garden education services. Methods: Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and direct question (DQ) surveys were conducted on 20 experts from October 12 to 19, 2020 after establishing the purpose and subjects of evaluation, and then the weights were calculated using the Expert Choice 2010 program. Results: First, we analyzed the problems of the previous indicators by categorizing the performance indicators and comparing and verifying them with six requirements of valuation. Then, we added 'welfare values' and established sub-indicators accordingly. The importance of value indicator in AHP was in the order of education values (0.544), health values (0.182), welfare values (0.164), environmental values (0.062), and economic values (0.049). The importance of environmental and economic values was relatively low, less than 0.1. The importance of sub-indicators was highest in cultivating character (0.144), followed by enhancing ecological sensitivity (0.141) > promoting mental health (0.134) > cultivating agricultural literacy (0.120) > improving social skills (0.104). And mitigating climate change in environmental values was lowest (0.009). Increase in income was the lowest (0.036). This can be regarded as the expression of change to increase the educational effect based on collective life and the connotative meaning of 'school'. In the case of DQ, the AHP weight and order were the same, but the environmental and economic values were relatively low, and the result was different from AHP weight. For sub-indicators, the importance in DQ was highest in promoting mental health (0.136), followed by promoting physical health (0.085), ]cultivating character (0.082), social integration (0.072), and enhancing ecological sensitivity (0.071). After reviewing related experts, we came up with 5 evaluation indicators and 16 sub-indicators for school garden education service, which are objective evaluation indicators that enable quantitative comparison. Conclusion: In the future, we will validate the socioeconomic values of school garden education services and contribute to revitalizing school gardens by establishing policy alternatives for effective operation and management of school gardens.