• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.523-535
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the eating habits and dietary intake patterns of people with or without allergy by the survey during August-September, 2008. The 131 subjects aged 10'-50' (AG = allergy group, n = 62; NG = non-allergy group, n = 69) participated in this study. The questionnaire included general characteristics, dietary habits, and food frequency. Income level tended to be higher in AG than in NG, and AG had more pets and flower pots than NG (p < 0.01). In AG, most affected area of allergy was the skin and the subjects in AG experienced the mixed symptoms and more than 2 types of allergy. Family history of allergy was highly related with allergy of the subjects (AG: 66.1%, NG: 33.9%). Both groups did not exercise regularly, but frequency of alcohol drinking in AG was significantly higher than in NG (p < 0.01). AG skipped meals and had snacking more often than NG (p < 0.05). Most favorite snacks in AG were instant foods, fast foods, cookies, and ice cream (p < 0.05). Therefore, AG tended to consume more allergy-related foods than NG. Highly-consumed allergy-related foods were egg, pork, walnut, onion, tuna, shellfish, and kiwi (p < 0.05). Therefore, nutrition education and guidance is needed to establish good eating habits, food intakes, and life style in people having allergy.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.733-739
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• 1966

A 371 agricultural households from 26 different communities in South Korea was subjected on a study of food taboos in January of 1966. To the pregnant women, those to whom a high protein diet is particurally important, as many as 14 different kinds of foods, mostly portein rich foods, were avoided to eat. It is believed that if duck is eaten while pregnant her baby may walk like a duck in later life. Some mother have a strong aversion to the rabbit meat that her unborn baby must be a harelip. It is feared to eat chicken, shark or carp by the pregnant mother for her baby may get a gooseflesh appearance, or fish scale-like skin in later life. It is thought that if mother eats soup made of meat borns, especially chicken bones, a disfigured baby may be born. Some area informed that if mother eats crab meat her future baby will always bubble. To the child-bearing mothers 13 different kinds of foods were avoided to eat. Some believe that if raddish kimchi, soybean curd, squash are eaten while dilivery that mother may get dental decay or to lose all her teeth. Other think that highly spiced raddish kimchi cause delivery difficult. To the lactating mothers 7 different items of foods were not recommended to eat. It is a common belief that eating green vegetables, especially fresh lettuce, are restricted that her baby may stool greenish. It is said that eating ginsen-chicken soup, or ginsen tea during lactating reduces breast milk secretion. To the weaning babies 7 different kinds of foods were prohibited to fee. Eggs are not eaten because mothers think her babies will start to talk very late. Eight different items of foods in cases of gastro-intestinal diseases, 5 items for liver disease, 7 items for high blood pressure as well as for paralysis were respectively restricted. It is said that meats including pork, beef, and chicken are neither desirable for the patients of high blood pressure nor those of paralysis. To the measles children 10 varieties of foods were restricted. Especially soybean products and meats were not encouraged to use for avoiding asecond attack of measles. For the common cold 8 different kinds of foods were aversed and men think that eating of soup of undria delays a recovery. For the tuberculosis 4 kinds of foods were prohibited to eat. It is said that wine, red pepper and ginsen will stimulate lung bleeding. Many mothers had a strong aversion to fermented shrimp and fish in case of style. and 5 different items of foods were restricted. In case of menstration not so many foods were restricted as other cases, but meat soup is not eaten in this condition in some areas. Majority of food taboos in Korean villages are neither based on tribal nor religious factors. But no one knows how, since what ages, from where, these food taboos have been transmitted and spread over the country. This survey found a great variety of food taboos, aversions, traditional beliefs and prohibitions latent unknown reseasons, or non-scientific conceptions, or completely different ideas from the modern medical aspect, or somewhat fallacious and superstitious beliefs. For the vascular disease contrasting approach were found between modern the oritical therapy and popular remedy among the rural populations who largely depend on the eastern medication. Further scientific study on either side should be done to lead the patient proper way. Many restricted foods such as rabbit, duck, chicken and fish are best resources of protein rich foods which are available in the village. Emphasis should be laid upon breaking down fallacious and supersititious food taboos through the extended nutrition education activities in order to improve food habit and good eating pattern for healthier and stronger generations of Korea.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.587-599
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare abdomen-fat rate, life style and social-support between normal weight women and obese women. Method: 304 women objectives from their 30 to 59 years of age were selected living in Je-chon city, Chung-Buck province and their height and weight were measured from April 1st to June 30th, 2003. Data were classified into low-weight group ($18.5kg/m^2$), normal-weight group ($18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$), over weight group ($23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$), and obese group ($25kg/m^2$) following the Korean Conference of Obesity, 2001. in which 119 people in the normal weight group and 91 people in the obese group, i.e. total 210 people were analyzed in sequence. Using SPSS Win 10.1 Program, frequency and percentile, and by ANOVA, $X^2-test$ and t-test were treated. Results: The average age of obese women was 46.68 distributing 40.7% of forties and 39.6% of fifties while normal-weight women were average 41.73-year old distributing 53.8% of forties and 34.5% of thirties, which revealed aged in obese women. The body fat rate of obese women averaged $37.52{\pm}4.17%$, in which 98.9% of obese women and 21.0% of normal weight women with a more than 30% of body-fat rate resulted in a higher body-fat rate in obese women. The waists of obese women averaged $88.37{\pm}8.22cm$, in which more than 85cm showed in obese women of 68.2% and normal weight women of 7.6% indicating a higher waist-fat rate in obese women. The abdomen-fat rate of more than 0.85 of waist vs hip-fat showed 74.7% in obese women and 58.4% in normal weight women, indicating a higher abdomen-fat rate in obese women. Obese women and normal weight women showed significant differences in education level, number of children, religion, menstrual status, and mother's weight. Especially, obese women ate hotter or saltier food than normal weight women preferring meat. However, no significant differences appeared in marital status, social economic status. occupation. eating habits. smoking. drinking and physical exercise. Social support levels showed a lower rate in obese women than in normal weight women, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Observing areas of social support, obese women showed lower rates in attachment/intimacy, social integrity, opportunity of foster and confidence in value except help and instruction, which indicated a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Social support for obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, religion and menstrual status. Obese women were more negative than normal weight women in health recognition, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.01). Normal weight women showed higher health recognition when provided high social support and significantly low (p<.01) health recognition when provided low social support. However, there was no significant difference in health recognition in obese women whether high or low social support was given. The health recognition of obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, number of children, menstrual status, physical exercise, eating habits, eating taste and preference of food. Conclusion: Obese women showed elder than normal-weight women, higher body-fat rate and abdomen-fat rate, lower social support, and a tendency to more negative health recognition. Therefore, providing weight-control programs for the treatment of obesity and prevention of recurrence for obese women to prevent progressing to adult disease and promote a healthy life, we suggest that better eating habits and the encouragement of regular physical exercise should be included, as well as total approachment on change of health recognition and social support would be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.336-348
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• 2024

Purpose: The use of food delivery services is increasing continuously in Korea, which may lead to nutritional problems and obesity. Despite this, the research on the association between delivered food consumption and obesity has been insufficient. This study examined the relationship between delivered food consumption and dietary behaviors and obesity among young adults in Jeju. Methods: An online survey was conducted from March 15 to April 5, 2023; 312 participants aged 19-39 years were included in the final analysis. The frequency, types, and time of delivered food consumption were measured using a questionnaire. The dietary behaviors included the following: eating out, breakfast consumption, recognition of nutrition labels, and eating salty foods, vegetables, and fruit. Obesity was defined using the body mass index based on self-reported body weight and height. Results: Approximately 59.3% of the participants ordered delivery foods more than one time/week. The frequency of delivered food consumption was higher in people who consumed breakfast < 5 times/week than those who consumed ≥ 5 times/week (p = 0.0088). People who usually eat salty foods tended to consume delivered food more frequently than those who did not (p = 0.0377). On the other hand, people who consumed fruits ≥ 1 time/day had a higher frequency of delivered food consumption than those who consumed fruits < 1 time/day (p = 0.0110). After adjusting for the confounding variables, the group who consumed delivered foods more than three times/week had an increased odds ratio (OR) of obesity compared to those who consumed less one time/week (OR, 2.38; 95% confidence intervals, 1.12-5.06). Conclusion: Young adults in Jeju who frequently consume delivered foods tended to have poor dietary habits including skipping breakfast and eating salty, and they had an increased odds of obesity. The overall dietary patterns can be improved by providing nutrition education and developing policies to promote or support healthy food choices when ordering delivered foods or eating out.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1997

This study was conducted to analysis citizen's attitude and style to the foodwaste from l0th Sept. to 30th Sept. in 1996. The research was used questionare method and analysis was used prequency analysis and cross table method by SPSS (scientific statistics). The foodwaste of householdwaste account for 24.8%, and the magnitude by the kinds of garbage were waste from pre-cocking stage, fruitshell, foodwaste remained after eating, septic foodwaste during storage. The more the housewives'age are young, foodwaste volumne were much. Most remained foodwaste after eating were soup and pot stew. The main cause of foodwaste production was overvolumne cooking. 88.8% of answers think that a menu can be useful to reduce foodwaste. The survey showed that 87.3% of answers put into the meter-rate bag after removed wetness of garbage. 84.1% of answers thought that the recycling of foodwaste needed, but the practical housewife was only 21%. For the suitable treatment of foodwaste, Survey showed that the consistent policy of goverment and continuous publicity was needed essentially, and that the public notice of TV or radio was effective. All of answers would like to participate in recycling of foodwastes whether public-posting or personal-posting. To set up vessel of posting at household, the proper purchase price and space of institution are needed, also the solution of sanitory & aesthetic problem and the collection of composting-product must be achieved smoothly.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.303-311
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• 1998

This study was carried out to determine the blood glucose responses to 10 kinds of typical Korean domestic meals, 9 kinds of eating out meals and 5 kinds of diabetic meals recommended by hospitals. The levels of blood glucose were measured at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after taking 24 kinds of meals(500$\pm$10㎉) and 50g of glucose to healthy volunteers. The blood glucose response areas and glycemic index(GI) were calculated. There was no invariable tendency of blood glucose responses among diabetic meals, general domestic meals and eating out meals. As the units of grain groups were increased, the GI of meals was increase. When the units of grain groups are same, the side dishes also affected the blood glucose responses, however, it is yet unknown what kinds of food materials of side dishes affected the blood glucose responses. Noodles (Chinese style, kalgugsu(Korean home made) and ramen) lowered blood glucose responses compared to steamed rice. Mixing barley and brown rice with polished rich also lowered blood glucose responses, especially when the mixing ratio of them was over the 15%. The lowering efficiency of barely was greater than brown rice. More than three grain units of rice increased the blood glucose response. The GI was significantly correlated with left area ratio(LAR), right area ratio(RAR) and blood glucose levels at 15, 30, 60, 90 minutes. The RAR and blood glucose levels at 30 minutes profoundly affected the GI.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.529-541
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• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the eating behaviors and the food preferences of the tourism transportation business managers in Daegu areas by age. The survey was performed from 17 to August 25, 2003 by questionnaires and the subjects were 365 males. As a general factor, the subjects of survey were male drivers in their thirties to sixties. Their education level was middle school(44.9%) and high school(45.8%) diploma. This study showed that the managers eat three meals per day with high percentage(75.9%) and a large number of managers(24.1%) eat two meals only. 77.8% of the subjects responded that their diet life were irregular due to the property of their job. Frequency of eating-out turned out to be much higher in managers aged 60 over(p<0.001). They considered taste of the food firstly, and the prices of the food secondly, but the nutritional value of the food was considered with a low percentage(22.7%). We found that their BMI were overweight from 23.5 to 26.01, their calorie and some nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient(less than 75% of RDA) was vitamin B₂ followed by calcium. The food preferences of subjects showed that the managers preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple foods. Their favorite menu of one-course Korean style meal turned out to be the bibimbob(boiled rice mixed with assorted vegetable and meat). As for subsidiary foods, out of all various meat soups, beef soups and beef-rib soups were most preferred. The most preferred stew were soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, and the most preferred cooked vegetables were cooked spinach, seasoned cucumber. Baechu kimchi(white cabbage kimchi) were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the watermelons, apples, and pears. For beverages the most preferred were ginseng tea, fruit juices and dietary fiber drinks. From the results listed above, the nutritional education needed to be done to the tourism transportation business managers to set the proper menu considering the characteristics of the preference each age group of managers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.262-276
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• 2021

Purpose: Although, the rate of skipping breakfast among adolescents has increased in recent years, there has been an increase in the consumption of home meal replacement (HMR). This study examines the recognition and preference of rice-based Korean style HMR for breakfast among adolescents in located at Jeollabuk-do. Methods: Total of 550 middle- and high-school students of Jeollabuk-do enrolled in this study signing a consent of participation. After conducting a preliminary survey, the questionnaire employed was modified according to the purpose of this study, and the self-recording method was appliedto fill out the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The 𝛘²-test was performed for categorical variables, whereas continuous variables were analyzed by the independent t-test. Results: Results of this study determined that 272 students (54.6%) belonged tobreakfasteating group and 226 (45.4%) were in the breakfast-skipping group. The reasons specified by both groups for eating HMR were 'convenient to cook', 'delicious', and 'time-saving'. The a result of analyzing perception of the importance of HMR by classifying as whether to eat or not to eat breakfast, revealed that compared to the breakfast-skipping group, the breakfast-eating group considered 'hygiene and cleanliness' as important factors (p < 0.001). Considering the gender, school, and breakfast consumption, the most preferred Korean HMR were 'triangular gimbap', 'gimbap', and 'rice balls'. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate, when considering adolescents, there is a necessary for continuous researches to develop convenient breakfast substitutes that are easily consumed. Moreover, we believe that it is essential to impart proper cooking education and recipe distribution of the menu.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was to investigate the compliance behavior of hypertensive patients in light of their health belief model that explains an individual's compliance with health maintenance or getting well. Although there are many effective regimens and treatments for hypertension nowadays. the most important point to be taken to consideration in their behavioral aspect is their compliance with regard to the control of body weight. eating habits as to salt and cholesterol intake. stresses. activity patterns and smoking as related to their life style. The important reasons for the failure in the control of hypertensive patients are the complexity of regimens to be complied to. irregular medication and the life long restrictions in their own life style. The compliance of patients to medical regimens and rocommendations or failure to do so is an essential factor. Accordingly. the degree of the patient's compliance is an important determinant as to the success or failure of hypertension control. The subjects for this study were 187 hypertensive patients selected from admitted and out patients of the medical department at seven University Hospitals in Seoul. Data was collected from Dec. 1, 1979 to Feb. 15, 1980 using the questionaire method and was analysed by the use of means. standard deviations, coefficient of correlations, analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis. The results obtained are as follows A. Of the seven independent variables in light of health belief model. benefit. barrier and severity are closely related to patient's compliance behavior. Therefore these variables could be used as determinants to predict and modify the hypertensive behavior. 1. Benefit is the most important and significant of the variables for explaining the dependent variables. It accounts for the highest variance of patient's compliance. (23.62%) 2. Then taking the former together with barrier. the variance of compliance showed on increase. (26.59%) 3. And with the addition of severity to the first two. the variance of compliance was also increased. (28.l2 %) B. Except for susceptibility all the independent variables such as severity. benefit, knowledge. motivation and barrier are correlated to dependent variable compliance. C. Sex. marital status and religion appeared to have significant influence on the dependent variables. Therefore one could conclude that the more the patients are aware that hypertension is a threat to health. the more they understand the benefit of taking actions to prevent such a threat. and the less they perceive any barrier when taking action. the more compliant they become in following medical regimens and recommendations. Age. marital status and religion played a significant influence to their compliance. Accordingly. the selected structural variables and demographic variables which have influenced sick role behavior of the hypertensive patient must be integrated to teaching and counselling programs for better hypertension control.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to shed further light on the effect of modifiable health behavior risk factors on dependence in activities of daily living, defined in a multidimensional fashion. Methods: The study participants were 10,278 middle aged Americans in a longitudinal health study, the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). A multi-stage probability sampling design incorporating the effect of population sizes (Metropolitan and non-metropolitan), ethnicity (the non- Hispanic White, the Hispanic, and the Black), and age (age 51-61) was utilized. Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were measured using five activities necessary for survival (impairment in dressing, eating, bathing, sleeping, and moving across indoor spaces). Explanatory variables were four health behavior risk factors included smoking, exercise, Body Mass Index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. Results: Most participants at baseline were ADL independent (1992). 97.8% of participants were independent in all ADL's at baseline and 78.2% were married. Approximately 27.5% were current smokers at baseline, and the subjects reported moderate or heavy exercise were 74.8%. All demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors were significantly associated with the ADL status at Wave 4 except alcohol consumption. Risk behaviors such as current smoking, sedentary life style and high BMI at Wave 1 were associated with ADL status deterioration; however, moderate alcohol consumption tended to be more related to better ADL status than abstaining at Wave 4. ADL status at Wave 1 was the strongest factor and the next was exercise and smoking affecting ADL status at Wave 4. People who were in ADL dependent at Wave 1 were 15.17 times more likely to be ADL dependent at Wave 4 than people who were in ADL independent at Wave 1. Concerning smoking cigarettes, people who kept only light exercise or sedentary life style at Wave 1 were 1.70 times more likely to be died at Wave 4 than the people who did not smoke at Wave 1. Conclusions: All demographics and health behaviors at wave 1 had consistently similar OR trends for ADL status to each other except alcohol consumption. Smoking and exercise in health behaviors, and age and gender in demographics at Wave 1 were significant factors associated with ADL group separation at Wave 4.