• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2010

Today Korean clothing companies are experiencing difficulties in the global market due to unfavorable business conditions including poor production environments, labor shortage, rising costs, the further opening of the domestic distribution market, and increased competition among them. As a result, this has caused many of Korean clothing companies to transfer their production bases abroad in search of relatively inexpensive labor force, instead of using domestic plants. This study attempted to examine how Korean clothing companies perceive production environments and labor standards with regard to their offshore outsourcing. In such an attempt, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 brand-name clothing firms. Those interviewed firms were the brands for the domestic or foreign market that were found to produce more than 200,000 pieces of clothing per year, and also the group of interviewees included some promotion service providers. The key findings from this study are as follows: First, a large number of the interviewed clothing companies were found to manage their foreign contract manufacturers by "visiting their factories regularly on a seasonal basis" or "stationing their personnel in factory for management purposes." Second, in relation to quality control in their foreign manufacturers, the most frequent response was to "have personnel stationed in those manufacturers." A smaller number of the clothing companies answered that they had "engaged their production management teams in quality control from time to time," or "used their inspectors to inspect products." Third, when asked about labor standards in foreign contract manufacturers, the largest number of the clothing companies responded, "we apply our own standards." The results of this study suggest that most of domestic clothing companies still use offshore sourcing just as a means of reducing their initial labor costs. However, in the continuously changing environment of the global clothing industry, clothing businesses are required to escape from the early phases of their manufacturing environments and set up more globalized standards.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.225-239
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to look for the basic formative elements of housekeeping space of our cultural life which are worthy to succeed and develop by revaluating in modern view and to reveal what we should maintain form the women's view of the housework in those days. In this study, out look on Chosun Dynasty housekeeping is based on the norm of the women in those days. The research on the housekeeping space for norm of the women in those days. the research on the housekeeping space for Chosun Dynasty upperclass is focused on the house built from early till late Chosun Dynasty, which is now a cultural asset. As a result, norm of Chosun Dynasty have created a social wide atmosphere for women to devote herselves to the housekeeping. Moreover the constructions of Chosun Dynasty's upperclass are affected by Korea's natural environment and socio-cultural environment. Primary factors for natural environment are building materials and the change of seasons. Because of changeable seasons, there were places for storing massive commodities. The other primary factors for socio-cultural environment affecting housekeeping space were social positions, and extended family system, worshipping the ancestors standard of living, the theory of“Poong Soo”(風水, a kind of geomancy) and thought of“Yin and Yang, Five Elements”(陰陽五行) and popular belief of that time. Affected by these two environments, the characteristics of housekeeping space for Chosun Dynasty are ; the main building of the house was used as a diverted area for women to work, and was reconstructed for household affairs. There were inefficient points in the housekeeping space of that time and the space remained stagnant because of the restricted sex and the social position of housekeeping doer. But you could find some points that are efficient and functional to adjust in those living conditions. The storehouse, storage barn, shed and soyjar terrace are the specialized storing place, according to the kinds and characteristics of the commodities. the kitchen, for example, is the combinations of many abilities. It is not only for cooking or heating the room, but also for storing drinking water. The hall which was the storing place, housekeeping place and also the place for family events are used as a diverted place. The linked arrangement of kitchen, store house, boudoir and the other rooms. In addition, we can see that the construction of the kitchen for more than tow people could work in.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.132-146
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• 1998

This Study was attempted to provide the basic data necessary in the development and introduction of Home Health Nursing System by investigating the recognition and attitude level of Home Health Nursing System. The data were collected by means of questionaires presented to 74 patients who had been admitted in C general hospital in Chon Ju, from June 30, 1997. As the tool for this study, the questionares developed by Kim Yong. Soon, et al (1990) and Han Bok Hee(1993) were modified and supplemented for the aim of this study. The computer was used for data analysis. The items about the charateristics of the subjects and the attitude to the management plan of Home Health Nursing System were represented as the frequency and percentage. The standard deviation and calculation average were produced on the items related to definition, recognition, necessity, expected effect of the attitude of Home Health Nursing System and the items related to admission. The ANOVA test was .used according to the characteristics of variables to analyze the necessity and difference of Home Health Nursing System. The results of this study were as follows 1) The general characteristics of the subjects were as follows ; for sex, man, $58.1\%$ ; for age, 50-59 years, $29.7\%$ ; for the level of education, high school, $51.4\%$ ; $79.7\%$ of them were married; for the family forms, small family, $73.0\%$ ; and $68.9\%$ of them take the monthly income over 100 million won. 2) The characteristics related to admissions of the subjects were as follows ; for clinic, surgical department, $78.4\%$ ; addmission not more then 7days, $47.3\%$ ; for the operation-performance $71.6\%$ of them were experienced; for the admission route, via outpatients clinic, $54.1\%$ ; for waiting period to the admission day, 1-2 days, $71.6\%$. 3) The difficulties comming from the hospitalization were related mostly to the factor that they felt hospital life more inconvenient than home.(3.66) The reasons for the difficulties in the admission which was due to insufficient beds in the hospital was related to the concentration to the general hospital because of 'The Whole National Medical Insurance System'(4.05). 4) On the previous informations about the Home Health Nursing System, those who have heard of only the name were 42 $(56.8\%)$, and on the recognition of it, they thought that it is periodic treatment by the licenced nurses for the recovering pateints after early discharge(3.73). On the attitude about the necessity of Home Health Nursing System, they thought that it is necessary because of the increasing trend of a psychological disease by the change of environment and complexity of the social structure(4.24). On the expected effect of Home Health Nursing System, they answered that it is convinient for the family of the patient to take care of them(4.l8). 5) On the attitude to the management plan of the Home Health Nursing System, those who had intention to participate in the system in the case of systemic support were 42(56.8). In the visiting time, 'visit periodically' and 'visit when the patient needs' were $28(37.8\%)$ respectively. For the application of medical insurance, if possoble, they will use $(91.9\%)$; for the method of payment for the treatment, 'pay by the time required' was $23(31.1\%)$, for the subject of management, 'National public institute must operate' was $33(44.6\%)$. 6) The relationship between the general characteristics of the subjects and the necessity of Home Health Nursing System showed the notable difference in the age (F=3.508, P<0.05) and marrage state (F=5.402, P<.023).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the eating behavior, growth, and dietary practices of children aged 3~5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 237 mothers of preschool children between April and June 2018. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated to determine the children's growth status. Dietary practices were evaluated using the nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P). Results: In our study, 29.5% of children were in the eating-small-amounts group, 46.8% of children were in the neophobic behavior group, and 61.2% of children were in the refusal-of-specific food group. Specific foods found to have a high frequency of rejection are listed in descending order as follows: shellfish, soy, mushroom, shrimp, vegetables, milk, eggs, yogurt, seaweed, meat, fruits, and fish. The eating-small-amounts group had lower Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age than the non-picky eaters' group. Compared to the non-picky eaters' group, the eating-small-amounts group of picky eaters had lower scores on the moderation and environment items of the NQ-P, the neophobic behavior group had lower scores on the balance and environment items of the NQ-P, and the refusal-of-specific food group had lower scores on the balance, moderation, and environment items of the NQ-P. Conclusions: Children classified with picky eating behavior had lower growth and development, lower diet diversity, less balanced food intake, and had greater difficulty in abstaining from eating unhealthy foods than non-picky eaters. Therefore, a lot of patience and intensive efforts are needed to encourage children to encounter, experience, and accept unfamiliar food. It is more effective to provide eating behavior guidance by gently encouraging children, than by being strict and forceful. Besides, since the eating behavior of children is influenced maximally by the dietary lifestyle at their homes, it is important to ensure that a healthy dietary lifestyle is maintained at home.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a maternal happiness scale which can be used for mothers who take care of young children, school-aged children, and adolescents. First, the maternal happiness scale was developed based on literature review and the consent of experts. Finally it was consisted of 56 items from 18 elements of happiness through checking the contents validity with professionals. Second, final respondents for the survey were 1300 mothers who had children with and without disabilities in Seoul, Busan, Gyeonggi, and Kyungnam. Third, the 8 factors including the 53 items were extracted through the mothers' appraisal of the items and the review of the adequacy for the factor analysis. The 8 factors were consisted with 'Family relations with family', 'Laid-back life and self-esteem', 'Physical and mental health', 'Independency and development', 'Spirituality', 'Interpersonal relations', 'Appearance', 'Sociocultual environment'. Fourth, the maternal happiness scale demonstrated appropriate levels of construct validity, item internal consistency, distribution of item response, and item discrimination. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the core factors of maternal happiness. In addition, the findings have implications for supporting mothers who take care of young children, school-aged children, and adolescents.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.611-620
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• 2016

This study examined how parent-child attachment, parental involvement in child rearing and instruction for children's effective use of a smart device reflect on young children's smart device overuse behavior. We collected questionnaires from 196 parents with children attending early childhood education institutions for the survey. Frequency analysis as well as Person correlation coefficient and regression analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS 21.0 statistics. The results showed that 91% of targeted young children were using a smart device and 78% first used them before age 5. As for time of use hours, 43.9% used their smart device from 30 minutes to 1 hour on average. In addition, parent-child attachment and father's involvement in child rearing were found to be inversely correlated to young children's smart device overuse. The result of hierarchical regression analysis on parent factors influencing young children's smart device overuse behavior indicated that mothers' contact-seeking behavior to young children, mother's involvement in learning and instruction for children's effective use of a smart device at home had beneficial effects. This study analyzed parent factors that influenced young children's smart device overindulgence. In addition, the baseline data of this study will be utilized to develop programs for the prevention and therapy to solve the smart device overindulgence as well as to establish young children's guidelines for using a smart device.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to estimate the nutrient intake, dietary habits, and body indices among preschool children. The study subjects were 166 kindergarten children, aged 4 to 6 years. A measurement of the weight, height, chest circumference, and head circumference of the children was conducted. The general home environment and factors related to the eating habits of children were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, outdoor playing time, television watching, family income, and parents education and occupations. Underweight, overweight were defined based on a value of less than 110 and more than 140 on the Rohrer Index, or less than 90 and more than 120 on the weight-length index (WLI). The average Rohrer and WLI for the preschool children were 14.3 $\pm$ 23.2% and 104 $\pm$ 13.5%. Using the WLI, 12.7% of the preschool children were underweight 62.6% were normal, and 24.7% were overweight or obese. On the Rohrer Index, 32.0% of the preschool children were underweight, 34.7% were normal, and 34.1% were overweight or obese. With regard to frequency of regularity of eating breakfast, 2.5% of preschool children skipped breakfast every morning. The risk of being overweight increased in preschool children who had faster eating times. The Rohrer and WLI were negatively related to faster eating times. The average daily energy intake was 1272 Kcal, which corresponded to 79.5% of the Korean RDA. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin B$_2$ were much lower than the Korean RDAs for each of those nutrients. Children whose mothers had occupations were at greater risk of decreased nutrient intake than those whose mothers were at home. The data presented in this study confirm that, in preschool children, undernutrition remains the nutritional problem of great concern in Korea, even though Koreans are starting to have worrisome rates of overweight. Therefore, during the early years of life, focus should remain on sustaining Proper growth and development.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1325-1330
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• 2020

New-born babies who require special attention medically are admitted often to incubator. Incubators are well equipped to fulfill take care of infants, but they have to hospital and so expensive. This paper proposes a smart incubator that can solve the problem of convenience and cost aspect of these incubators. Developed incubator enables near-field monitoring using Arduino Uno as the main control device and Bluetooth communication. The environment in the incubator measures temperature and humidity using a DHT22 sensor and the sound using a P5510 microphone. If the temperature and humidity data set by the user are lower or higher than the reference value, it is designed to operate the heating pad using the controller or turn on the fan to allow air circulation. The measured values in the incubator are displayed in real time on the user's smartphone monitoring screen and are programmed using app inventor. Developed incubators can help take care of infants at low cost in the home.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.288-300
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association of social participation and depressive symptoms with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults living in urban and rural areas. Methods: This secondary, cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 66,765 adults aged ≥65 years (urban-26,485 and rural-40,280) who participated in the household and individual surveys of the Korea Community Health Survey 2019. Data on the main study variables including social participation, depressive symptoms, and HRQoL were collected from August 16 to October 31, 2019. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the factors affecting HRQoL in urban and rural older adults. Results: The proportion of social participation (χ²=354.69, p<.001) and the level of HRQoL (χ²=12.06, p<.001) were significantly higher in older adults living in urban area than those in rural area. However, there was no significant difference in depressive symptoms between older adults living in urban and rural areas. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that social participation and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of HRQoL in both urban and rural older adults. Conclusion: Our main finding highlights that active participation in social activities and management of depressive symptoms in older adults regardless of living arrangements are crucial to improve HRQoL in later life. Interventions to increase social participation include early assessment of depressive symptoms in the community to promote HRQoL. More longitudinal studies are needed to identify the factors associated with HRQoL between older adults living in urban and rural areas while considering neighborhood environment and living arrangements.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.717-734
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify preschool children's eating behaviors associated with early childhood obesity and its multi-level, socio-ecological determinants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 364 mothers of preschool children aged 3-5 years, these children's healthy eating behaviors were assessed using a validated preschool nutrition quotient (NQ-P) questionnaire. The children's overweight or obesity statuses were determined based on body mass index percentiles from the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart. The associations between the NQ-P score and risk of overweight or obesity were examined using multivariable logistic regression. The associations of individual, maternal, physical, and media environmental factors with the NQ-P score were also examined using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Preschool children with greater NQ-P scores were at a significantly lower risk of overweight or obesity (P < 0.01). The NQ-P score had a significantly positive association with maternal body mass index and an inverse association with household income (all P < 0.05). Maternal parenting and feeding practices exhibited associations with the NQ-P score. Positive associations were observed with "warm," "structured," and "autonomy-supportive" parenting as well as monitoring feeding practices (all P < 0.05). In addition, the NQ-P score had a significantly positive association with the childcare center's anti-obesogenic environment, such as the provision of nutritional and physical-activity support and vicinity of the built food environment to the home, including access to good-quality food, fruits and vegetables, and low-fat foods (all P < 0.05). Regarding media environments, the NQ-P score demonstrated more significant associations with viewing and eating and/or cooking content displayed on online video platforms (all P < 0.05) than with that on television. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the significance of healthy eating behaviors in early-childhood-obesity prevention and underscore the importance of multilevel maternal, physical, and media environmental interventions that effectively guide eating behaviors in preschool children.