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Ciglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Ligand, Inhibits Proliferation and Differentiation of Th17 Cells

  • Kim, Dong Hyeok;Ihn, Hyun-Ju;Moon, Chaerin;Oh, Sang-Seok;Park, Soojong;Kim, Suk;Lee, Keun Woo;Kim, Kwang Dong
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.71-76
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    • 2015
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) was identified as a cell-intrinsic regulator of Th17 cell differentiation. Th17 cells have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and collagen-induced arthritis. In this study, we confirmed $PPAR{\gamma}$-mediated inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation and cytokine production at an early stage. Treatment with ciglitazone, a $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligand, reduced both IL-$1{\beta}$-mediated enhancement of Th17 differentiation and activation of Th17 cells after polarization. For Th17 cell differentiation, we found that ciglitazone-treated cells had a relatively low proliferative activity and produced a lower amount of cytokines, regardless of the presence of IL-$1{\beta}$. The inhibitory activity of ciglitazone might be due to decrease of CCNB1 expression, which regulates the cell cycle in T cells. Hence, we postulate that a pharmaceutical $PPAR{\gamma}$ activator might be a potent candidate for treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune disease patients.

Studies on the Aging of Beef at Adding the Proteolytic Enzyme -VI. Effects of Papain Treatment on the Enzymatic Digestibility of Beef- (단백질(蛋白質) 분해효소(分解酵素) 첨가시(添加時) 우육(牛肉)의 숙성(熟成)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -VI. Papain처리(處理)가 우육(牛肉)의 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향(影響)-)

  • Youn, Jung-Eae
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.394-397
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    • 1978
  • In vitro digestibility study using pepsin was conducted on round muscle previously treated with papain and the change in the amounts of liberated amino nitrogen was followed during the time course of digestion procedure. The obtained results were summarized as follows. 1. As compared with control, enzyme treatment groups had higher digestibility and curtailed digestion time. 2. All the enzyme treatment groups showed the highest digestibility between 6 and 10 hours in the course of digestion procedure. 3. The amounts of liberated amino nitrogen were increased similarly to digestibility and digestion time. 4. As compared with control, enzyme treatment groups showed considerably higher amounts of liberated amino nitrogen, the liberation rate being the highest between 2 and 8 hours of digestion time.

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The isolation and antimicrobiol susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on bovine feces and carcass (소 분변과 도체에서 E coli O157:H7의 분리와 항생제 감수성)

  • Chae Hee-Sun;Kim Jong-Hwa;Kim Gyu-Hyeon;Choi Tae-Seok;Shin Bang-Woo;Lee Duck-Joo;Lee Jung-Hark
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.71-79
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    • 2005
  • In this study, a total of 2,119 samples was taken from bovine feces and carcass from March 2002 to December 2003. And those were examined for the presence of enterohemorrhagic E coli O157:H7. The properties of the isolates were characterized for biochemical features, serotypes, virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Forty five strains($3.7\%$) of E coli O157:H7 were isolated from 1,208 fecal samples and were not detected in carcass using immunomagnetic separation technique and selective media. In multiplex PCR using stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA primers, the amplified bands at 180 bp, 255bp, 384bp and 534bp were observed, respectively. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefazolin. The isolates were most resistant to sulfisoxazole($24.4\%$), followed by streptomycin($22.2\%$), tetracycline($20.0\%$). Eight strains($17.8\%$) of 45 isolates showed the multi-resistant patterns with over 3 drugs.

Development of a One-Step PCR Assay with Nine Primer Pairs for the Detection of Five Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Types

  • Oh, Kyung-Hwan;Kim, Soo-Bok;Park, Mi-Sun;Cho, Seung-Hak
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.862-868
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    • 2014
  • Certain Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains have the ability to cause diarrheal disease. Five types of diarrheagenic E. coli have been identified, including EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, and EIEC. To detect these five diarrheagenic types rapidly, we developed a one-step multiplex PCR (MP-PCR) assay using nine primer pairs to amplify nine virulence genes specific to the different virotypes, with each group being represented (i.e., stx1 and stx2 for EHEC, lt, sth, and stp for ETEC, eaeA and bfpA for EPEC, aggR for EAEC, and ipaH for EIEC). The PCR primers were constructed using MultAlin. The sensitivity and specificity of the constructed multiplex PCR primers were measured using DNA isolated from diarrheagenic E. coli strains representing each group. The limits of detection were as follows: $5{\times}10^1CFU/ml$ for EHEC, $5{\times}10^3CFU/ml$ for ETEC expressing lt and sth, $5{\times}10^4CFU/ml$ for ETEC expressing stp, $5{\times}10^2CFU/ml$ for EPEC, $5{\times}10^4CFU/ml$ for EAEC, and $5{\times}10^2CFU/ml$ for EIEC. To confirm the specificity, C. jejuni, C. perfringens, S. Typhimurium, V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica, B. cereus, and S. aureus were used as negative controls, and no amplification was obtained for these. Moreover, this kit was validated using 100 fecal samples from patients with diarrhea and 150 diarrheagenic E. coli strains isolated in Korea. In conclusion, the multiplex PCR assay developed in this study is very useful for the rapid and specific detection of five diarrheagenic E. coli types. This single-step assay will be useful as a rapid and economical method, as it reduces the cost and time required for the identification of diarrheagenic E. coli.

Characterization and isolation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from Bovine feces and Carcass (소의 분변과 도체에서 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli의 분리와 특성)

  • Chae, Hee-Sun;Kim, Neung-Hee;Han, Hye-Jin;Son, Hong-Rak;Kim, Chang-Ki;Kim, Sun-Heung;Lee, Jung-Hark;Kim, Jong-Taek
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.241-249
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    • 2009
  • Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains can cause broad spectrum of human disease, including diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic colitis (HUS). We examined 868 samples was taken from bovine feces and carcass from January to December 2008 in Seoul. Twenty two (9.5%) shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli were isolated from the 230 of bovine feces, and two (0.31%) were isolated from the 638 of carcasses. Serotype of E. coli isolates were O157 (10, 41.6%), O26 (10, 41.6%), O111 (1, 4.2%) and UT (3, 12.6%). In PCR, the isolates displayed three different stx gene combination (stx1 [2, 8.4%]), stx2 [3, 12.6%] and stx1 and stx2 [19,87.5%]). The eaeA and hlyA gene were found in 11 (45.8%) of the 24 strains. Saa gene was present only one strains (4.2%). Toxin typing using reverse passive latex agglutination test showed the same result in VT 1. But it showed different result in VT 2. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, all isolates were sensitive to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and colistin. Eighteen strains (75.0%) of 24 isolates showed the multi-resistant patterns with over 3 drugs. PFGE was performed after the genomic DNA of twenty four isolates was digested with Xba I. the 24 isolates showed 7 (A~G) PFGE type.

Genotypic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from edible offal

  • Son, Se Hyun;Seo, Kwang Won;Kim, Yeong Bin;Noh, Eun Bi;Lee, Keun-Woo;Oh, Tae-Ho;Kim, Seung-Joon;Song, Jae-Chan;Kim, Tae-Wan;Lee, Young Ju
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.60 no.3
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    • pp.173-177
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    • 2020
  • Edible offal is easily contaminated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant E. coli is considered a serious public health problem, thus, this study investigated the genetic characteristics of FQ-resistant E. coli from edible offal. A total of 22 FQ-resistant E. coli isolates were tested. A double mutation in each gyrA and parC led the highest MIC. Four (18.2%) isolates carried plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. The fimH, eaeA, escV, astA, and iucC genes were confirmed. Seventeen isolates (77.3%) were positive for plasmid replicons. The isolates showed high genetic heterogeneity based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns.

Identification and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhea in calves (송아지 설사분변으로부터 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 의 분리 및 특성규명)

  • Lim, Keum-Gi;Kang, Mun-Il;Kim, Snag-Ki;Nam, Kyung-Woo;Park, Hyun-Joo;Park, Jin- Ryang;Cho, Kyoung-Oh;Lee, Bong-Joo
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.135-142
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    • 2006
  • Shiga toxin (stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes various clinical signs in animal and human. In this study, 255 fecal samples from calves showing diarrhea were collected from cattle farms in Chonnam province during the period from January 2005 to July 2005. Twenty six STEC (10%) were isolated from 255 fecal samples by PCR. The isolates displayed three different stx combinations (stx1 [69%], stx1 and stx2 [15%], and stx2 [38%]). The isolates were further studied for virulence associated genes and antimicrobial resistance to define the virulence properties. Intimin (eaeA), enterohemolysin (hlyA), and lipopolysaccharide (rfbE) virulence genes were detected in 6 (23%), 7 (26%), and 1 (3.8%) of the isolates, respectively, by PCR. One isolate possessing rfbE gene was typed as E. coli 0157 : H7 by agglutination test with O and H antisera. All 26 isolates showed susceptibility to amikacin (100%) and the majority of isolates showed high susceptibility to gentamicin (88.5%) and chloramphenicol (73.1%). But all isolates were resistant to penicillin. These results may provide the basic knowledge to establish strategies for the treatment and prevention of enteric disease in calves.

Antimicrobial Resistance and the Presence of Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Ruditapes philippinarum in Gomso Bay, Korea (곰소만 해역의 바지락(Ruditapes philippinarum)에서 분리한 대장균 (Escherichia coli)의 항균제 내성 및 병원성 유전자의 보유성)

  • Kim, Tae-Ok;Eom, In-Seon;Park, Kwang-Ho;Park, Kwon-Sam
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.800-806
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    • 2016
  • In total, 151 Escherichia coli isolates from Ruditapes philippinarum in Gomso Bay were analyzed for their susceptibility to 18 different antimicrobial agents and for genes associated with virulence. For virulence genes, each strain of the isolates was positive for the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-specific heat-stable toxin (estA), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)-specific invasion-associated locus (iaa) gene and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)-specific attaching and effacing (eae) gene. According to a disk diffusion susceptibility test, resistance to ampicillin was most prevalent (23.2%), followed by resistance to amoxicillin (22.5%), ticarcillin (20.5%), tetracycline (18.5%), nalidixic acid (12.6%), ciprofloxacin (10.6%), streptomycin (9.9%), and chloramphenicol (6.6%). More than 35.8% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 19.9% were resistant to four or more classes of antimicrobials; these were consequently defined as multidrug resistant. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges for the antimicrobial resistance of the 15 different antimicrobial agents of 54 E. coli strains were confirmed by varying the concentrations from $32-2,048{\mu}g/mL$. Overall, these results not only provide novel insights into the necessity for seawater and R. philippinarum sanitation in Gomso Bay but they also help to reduce the risk of contamination by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

Studies on the Aging of Bovine Muscle at Adding Proteolytic Enzyme -Part V. Studies on the Tenderness Evaluation of Bovine Muscle Treated with Papain by Using Penetration Value- (단백질(蛋白質) 분해효소(分解酵素) 첨가시(添加時) 우육(牛肉)의 숙성(熟成)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -제5보 Papain처리(處理) 우육(牛肉)의 Penetration Value에 의한 유연성(柔軟性) 평가(評價)에 관(關)하여-)

  • Youn, Jung-Eae;Yang, Ryung
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.208-211
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    • 1975
  • Round muscle of Korean cattle treated with papain were examined the tenderness relation by use of penetrometer which results were indicated as follows. 1. Measuring method of tenderness effect in bovine muscle was acknowledged that there are correlation by using penetrometer (p<.05) 2. Penetration value were also proportional increased according to increasing of enzyme concentration. 3. It was acknowledged as considerable difference in penetration value cf longitudinal and cross section against muscle fiber. 4. In the case of 0.05% enzyme addition, there are extremely high increasing rate of tenderness in longitudinal and cross section but it was not acknowledged as significant difference in 0.1% of enzyme concentration.

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Antibacterial Effects of Extracts of Thuja Orientalis cv Aurea Nana Cones against Food-spoilage and Food-borne Pathogens

  • Yang, Xiao Nan;Hwang, Cher-Won;Kwon, Gi-Seok;Kang, Sun-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.459-465
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    • 2011
  • BACKGROUND: Nowadays, Chemical antiseptics have become great problems for health and environmental, so that developing of new substitutes for chemical antiseptics is more and more important. Natural product is a kind of environment-friendly additive that could be used as antiseptic in food industry. Thuja orientalis cv Aurea Nana is a gymnospermous plant of the family Cupressaceae, native to northwestern China and widely naturalised elsewhere in Korea and Japan. This study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of various organic extracts from T. orientalis cones against some food-borne and food-spoilage bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and methanol extract (ME) were obtained from female cones of T. orientalis. The antibacterial activities of various extracts were tested by standard agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against five gram-positive and six gram-negative bacteria. Cell viability and morphology change of L. monocytogenes ATCC 10943 treated with hexane extract were also observed. The various extracts displayed remarkable antibacterial effects against all the gram-positive bacteria but did not show any effect against the gram-negative bacteria. Hexane extract has the highest inhibitory effect on cell viability of L. monocytogenes ATCC 10943. SEM observation also demonstrated the damaging effect of the hexane extract on the morphology of L. monocytogenes ATCC 10943 at the minimum inhibitory concentration. CONCLUSION(s): The tested gram-positive bacteria were significantly inhibited by organic extracts of T. orientalis cone. Hexane extract was the most potent against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 10943, as evidenced by the lowest MIC level and the complete inhibition of cell viability within shortest exposure time, along with SEM observation.