• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2023

This study compared the dose calculated using the electron Monte Carlo (eMC) dose calculation algorithm employing the old version (eMC V13.7) of the Varian Eclipse treatment-planning system (TPS) and its newer version (eMC V16.1). The eMC V16.1 was configured using the same beam data as the eMC V13.7. Beam data measured using the VitalBeam linear accelerator were implemented. A box-shaped water phantom (30×30×30 cm³) was generated in the TPS. Consequently, the TPS with eMC V13.7 and eMC V16.1 calculated the dose to the water phantom delivered by electron beams of various energies with a field size of 10×10 cm². The calculations were repeated while changing the dose-smoothing levels and normalization method. Subsequently, the percentage depth dose and lateral profile of the dose distributions acquired by eMC V13.7 and eMC V16.1 were analyzed. In addition, the dose-volume histogram (DVH) differences between the two versions for the heterogeneous phantom with bone and lung inserted were compared. The doses calculated using eMC V16.1 were similar to those calculated using eMC V13.7 for the homogenous phantoms. However, a DVH difference was observed in the heterogeneous phantom, particularly in the bone material. The dose distribution calculated using eMC V16.1 was comparable to that of eMC V13.7 in the case of homogenous phantoms. The version changes resulted in a different DVH for the heterogeneous phantoms. However, further investigations to assess the DVH differences in patients and experimental validations for eMC V16.1, particularly for heterogeneous geometry, are required.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2013

Bovine coat color is decided by the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) genotype mutation and melanogenesis. Specially, in the various cattle breeds, dominant black coat color is expressed by dominant genotype of $E^D$, red or brown is expressed in the frame shift mutation of recessive homozygous e by base pair deletion and wild type of $E^+$ is expressed in various coat colors. However, not very well known about the effected of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color through family lines in KBC. Therefore, this study were to investigate effect of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color, and to suggest mating breed system in accordance with of MC1R genotype for increased on brindle coat color appearance. Parents (sire 2 heads and dam 3 heads) and offspring (total : 54 heads) from crossbreeding in KBC family line with the MC1R genotype and phenotype records were selected as experimental animals. The relationship between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genotypes expression verified by PCR-RFLP, and brindle coat color appearance to the family line of the cross mating breed from MC1R genotype pattern was determined. As a result, 4MC1R genetic variations, $E^+/E^+$ (sire 1), $E^+/e$ (sire 2 and dam 3), $E^+/e$ with 4 bands of 174, 207 and 328 bp (dam 1) and $E^+/e$ with 3 bands of 174, 207, 328 and 535 bp (dam 2) from parents (sire and dam) of KBC. However, 3 genetic variations, e/e (24%), $E^+/E^+$ (22%) and $E^+/e$ (56%) were identified in offspring. Also, brindle coat color expressrated was the e/e with the 0%, $E^+/E^+$ with 67% and $E^+/e$ with 77% from MC1R genotype in offspring on the cross mating of KBC. Furthermore, when the sire had $E^+/e$ genotype and the dam had $E^+/E^+$ with the 3 bands or $E^+/e$ genotype, and both had whole body-brindle coat color, 62% of the offspring had whole body-brindle coat color. Therefore, the seresults, the mating system from MC1R genotype patterns of the sires ($E^+/e$) and dams ($E^+/E^+$ with the 3 bands or $E^+/e$) with brindle coat color may have the highest whole body-brindle coat color expression in their offspring.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to reveal the relationship between genetic variations and the basic coat color classification system in Jeju horses. Genetic variations of the melanocortinreceptor 1 (MC1R) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP) genes were investigated using pyrosequencing technique. A nucleotide substitution mutation for MC1R g.901C>T and an ASIP 11-bp deletion mutation were screened. Black horses had MC1R $E^+$/- ($E^+/E^+$ or $E^+/E^e$) and ASIP $A^a/A^a$ genotypes. In contrast, chestnut horse genotypes were MC1R $E^e/E^e$ and ASIP -/-. Thus, black and bay horses have at least one dominant MC1R allele, $E^+$, whereas chestnut horses have homozygous recessive alleles $E^e/E^e$. This suggests that the MC1R genotypes determine chestnut or black/bay coat color, regardless of the genotype distribution of ASIP. In addition, the horses with MC1R $E^+$/- and a dominant ASIP $A^A$/- allele showed bay coat color, but not black, suggesting that the ASIP $A^A$ allele represses black coat color development in the hairs of the body, but not in the mane and all four legs. Pedigree analysis showed a consistent relationship between the genotype distribution of the MC1R and ASIP genes and basic coat color patterns, even in the $F_1$ progeny. The results of this study revealed the relationship between the coat color phenotype and genetic background and suggested that useful information may be provided for molecular breeding of Jeju horses.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2002

PCR-RFLP analysis was carried out to investigate the genotype of Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) gene in Korean Brindle Cattle and Korean Cattle with dark muzzle, which are coat color and muzzle pigmentation variants of Korean Cattle, respectively. Allelic variants of MC1R in cattle were analyzed by digestion with BsrFⅠ, AciⅠ. Among six genotypes, $E^D/E^D,\;E^D/E^+,\;E^D/e,\;E^+/E^+,\;E^+$/e and e/e, detected in cattle, only two genotypes, $E^+/E^+\;and\;E^+$/e, were observed in Korean Brindle Cattle, probably reflecting the necessary of $E^+$ allele for the expression of black brindle coat color. As in Korean Cattle with light muzzle, the $E^+$/e and e/e genotypes were detected in Korean Cattle with dark muzzle. The $E^+$ and e alleles frequencies in two populations of Korean Cattle with dark muzzle and with light muzzle were 0.37, 0.63 and 0,11, 0.89, respectively. Although the frequency of $E^+$ allele in Korean Cattle with dark muzzle was higher than in Korean Cattle with light muzzle, the $E^+$ allele was not completely associated with dark muzzle pigmentation. The results of this experiment indicate that the difference of MC1R genotype and frequency may be useful for fixation of coat color in Korean Cattle as well as Korean Brindle Cattle.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.910-914
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• 2014

For the identification of the Jeju black cattle, Hanwoo and imported beef, we performed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) associated with microsatellite (MS) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. The MC1R gene plays an important role in regulation of the melanin synthesis within mammalian melanocytes. MC1R encoded by extension (E) locus was almost fixed with recessive red e allele in the Hanwoo. We estimated that the specific genotypes ($E^+/E^+$, $E^+/e$) of MC1R gene were characteristic genotypes of Jeju black cattle. But the PCR products resulted from using the MC1R gene derived primers only are not sufficient to identify Jeju black cattle from other relatives. We performed two times of successive multiplex PCR to provide a more accurate result for the identification of Jeju black cattle. The results suggest that two types of successive multiplex PCR methods using MC1R gene and Microsatellite derived primer set will be more useful to identification of Jeju black cattle, Hanwoo and imported beef.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Targeting Microcystin (MC), which is most abundantly detected in the North-Han River water area, we analyzed the relationship between the MC biosynthesis gene (mcyA gene), cyanobacteria cell density, and MC concentration, derived an RNA-MC conversion formula, and derived the cyanobacteria. The concentration of MC present in cells was predicted. In the North-Han River waters, the mcyA gene was found mainly at downstream sites of the North-Han River after Muk-Hyeon Stream junction, and higher copy numbers were found on average than other sites. In the Uiam Lake waters upstream of the North-Han River, the mcyA gene copy number increased at the Kong-Ji Stream point, and after September, the mcyA gene copy number decreased throughout the North-Han River waters. The expression of the mcyA gene was concentrated in the short period of summer due to the spatio-temporal difference between upstream and downstream water bodies. The mcyA gene expression level was not only highly correlated with MC concentration, but also correlated with the cell density of Microcystis aeruginosa and Dolichospermum circinale, which are known to biosynthesize MC. Six conversion formulas derived based on the RNA-MC relationship showed statistical significance (p<0.05) and exhibited high correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9 or higher. The expression level of MC biosynthesis gene present in eRNA determines the synthesis of cyanotoxin substances in water, quickly quantifies gene activity, and can be fully utilized for early warning of MC development.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.587-594
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• 1998

In order to understand the mechanism if the regulation of CYP 1A1 gene expression and ethoxyresorufin deethylase (EROD) activity in ex vivo system, we have studied the action of TCDD and 3MC in the isolated perfused female rat liver. CYP1A1 mRNA level and EROD activity were measured in rat liver that was isolated and perfused with various chemicals such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), 17$\beta$-estradiol (E$_2$), morin. TCDD or 3MC alone perfusion into female rat liver resulted in increase of CYP 1A1 mRNA level and the magnitude of stimulation was six times higher with TCDD treatment than 3MC treatment. However E$_2$ perfusion into female rat liver showed inhibition of CYP 1A1 mRNA level. When 10$^{-8}$ M E$_2$ was administered concomitantly with either 10$^{-9}$ M TCDD or 10$^{-9}$ M 3MC, stimulated CYP 1A1 mRNA by either TCDD or 3MC was inhibited. Morin was examined for its effects on CYP 1A1 mRNA level and result was similar to that was observed with estrogen. EROD activity was also stimulated with either TCDD or 3MC perfusion, and the magnitude of EROD stiumlation was smaller than that of CYP 1A1 mRNA stimulation in response to TCDD or 3MC perfusion. Unlike CYP1A1 mRNA level, stimulation of EROD activity was greater with 3MC than TCDD. Concomitant perfusion either E$_2$ or morin with TCDD or 3MC inhibited 3MC perfusion or TCDD perfusion stimulated EROD activity. These data suggested that TCDD and 3MC might act diffrently in terms of regulation of CYP 1A1 gene expression in rat liver.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.176-183
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• 2012

Eukaryotic translation termination is governed by eRF1 and eRF3. eRF1 recognizes the stop codons and then hydrolyzes peptidyl-tRNA. eRF3, which facilitates the termination process, belongs to the GTPase superfamily. In this study, the effect of the MC domain of eRF1a (eRF1aMC) on the GTPase activity of eRF3 was analyzed using fluorescence spectra and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated eRF1aMC promotes the GTPase activity of eRF3, which is similar to the role of eRF1a. Furthermore, the increased affinity of eRF3 for GTP induced by eRF1aMC was dependent on the concentration of $Mg^{2+}$. Changes in the secondary structure of eRF3C after binding GTP/GDP were detected by CD spectroscopy. The results revealed changes of conformation during formation of the eRF3C GTP complex that were detected in the presence of eRF1a or eRF1aMC. The conformations of the eRF3C eRF1a GTP and eRF3C eRF1aMC GTP complexes were further altered upon the addition of $Mg^{2+}$. By contrast, there was no change in the conformation of GTP bound to free eRF3C or the eRF3C eRF1aN complex. These results suggest that alterations in the conformation of GTP bound to eRF3 is dependent on eRF1a and $Mg^{2+}$, whereas the MC domain of eRF1a is responsible for the change in the conformation of GTP bound to eRF3 in Euplotes octocarinatus.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.287-298
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• 2001

Recently, many natural medicines, which have advantage of less side effects and possibility of long-term use have been studied for their capacity of anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential of periodontal tissues. Olibanum has the effects to hemostasis, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, and it also has been traditionally used as a drug for the treatment of bone disease in oriental medicine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Olibanum extracts on the activity and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) synthesis, formation of bone nodules and expression of type I collagen of MC3T3-E1 cells. To examine the cellular activity, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with ${\alpha}-MEM(control)$ and each concentration of Olibanum for 2 days and 4 days. To compare the ALP synthesis, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with ${\alpha}-MEM(negative\; control)$, dexamethasone(positive control), and each concentration of Olibanum for 2 days and 4 days. To compare the bone nodule formation, MC3T3-E1 ells were cultured for 21 days, and to compare the type I collagen expression, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured for 4 days. The cellular activity of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Olibanum extracts was significantly increased at 4-day(p<0.05) to control. The activity of ALP in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ Olibanum extracts was significantly increased at 4-day(p<0.05). All the experimental groups showed much more bone nodule formation than control groups. The group treated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ of Olibanum extracts was the highest bone nodule formation, and showed much more type I collagen expression than negative control. These results indicate that Olibanum extracts may be considered effective in the activity and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2024

Background: Focal adhesions (FAs) is the most important process in the first step of osseointegration between preosteoblasts and titanium (Ti). FAs improvement and pre-osteoblasts cell proliferation leads to successful Ti-based dental implants. This study aimed to confirm the applicability of rosmarinic acid (RA) as a functional substance for improving FAs and cell proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on Ti surfaces during the first stage of osseointegration for successful Ti-based dental implants. Methods: We used MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on Ti discs incubated in a medium supplemented with or without 14 ㎍/ml to decipher the effects of RA on FAs and cell proliferation. FAs and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on Ti discs were assessed via MTT assay. Actin-labeled cells and paxillin contacts were observed and imaged by fluorescent microscopy, and the associated signaling pathways were revealed through western blot analysis. Results: In RA-treated MC3T3-E1 cells on Ti discs, FAs between MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and Ti surfaces and the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphorylated FAK and paxillin proteins and filamentous-actin formation increased. RA increased the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on the Ti surface as well as the expression of Grab2, Ras, pERK1/2, and ERK1/2. In addition, the expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and thymosin b4, known as nanomolecules that enhance the interaction between implanted Ti materials and preosteoblasts in the RA-treated MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts, increased. RA not only increased the FAs of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on the Ti surface through the FAK/Paxillin signaling pathway, but also increased cell proliferation and mitosis through the FAK/Grab2/Ras/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Conclusion: RA can be applied as an effective functional substrate to improve the FAs and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblats on Ti surfaces, which are essential in the first step of osseointegration between implanted Ti and bone tissue for the clinical success of Ti based dental implants.