• 대한수학회보
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.1319-1334
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• 2020

In this paper, we study the basic theory of the category of graded w-Noetherian modules over a graded ring R. Some elementary concepts, such as w-envelope of graded modules, graded w-Noetherian rings and so on, are introduced. It is shown that: (1) A graded domain R is graded w-Noetherian if and only if R^g_𝔪 is a graded Noetherian ring for any gr-maximal w-ideal m of R, and there are only finite numbers of gr-maximal w-ideals including a for any nonzero homogeneous element a. (2) Let R be a strongly graded ring. Then R is a graded w-Noetherian ring if and only if R_e is a w-Noetherian ring. (3) Let R be a graded w-Noetherian domain and let a ∈ R be a homogeneous element. Suppose 𝖕 is a minimal graded prime ideal of (a). Then the graded height of the graded prime ideal 𝖕 is at most 1.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.148-151
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• 2006

We have previously reported that 2.4 kb of L-plastin promoter (LP) could regulate the expression of adenoviral vector (AV) exogenous genes in a tumor cell specific manner. In the present study, we tested if the replication competent AdLPE1A vector results in a direct cytotoxic effect in hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vitro cytotoxicity tests were carried out with replication-competent (AdLPE1A) and -incompetent (AdLPCD) LP-driven vectors. AdLPE1A is an AV in which LP was inserted 5' to the E1A and E1B genes. The AdLPCD vector contains LP and the E. coli cytosine deaminase (CD) gene in transcription unit. Exposure of cells to AdLPE1A generated a significant cytotoxic effect as compared to the control. Almost 90% of the cell had manifested the characteristic cytopatic effect on day 9 after infection of cells with 10 MOI of AdLPE1A. On the other hand, almost 35% of the cells were left when the cells had been treated with 100 MOI of AdLPCD together with 5-FC on day 9 when compared with the cells which had never been exposed neither 5-FC nor AdLPCD. These results showed that the replication competent AdLPE1A vector could kill the HepG2 cells directly by the oncolytic effect of the virus. The replication competent AV vector carrying viral E1A generated greater cytotoxic effect than the replication incompetent AV, which contains the CD prodrug activation transcription unit without E1A, in HepG2 cells.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.842-856
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• 1994

광대역 종합정보 통신망 (B-ISDN)이 수용할 여러 서비스들은 다양한 지연, 지연 변화 및 셀 손실 확률 요구 사항을 가지고 있다. B-ISDN을 위한 적절한 제어 방법의 설계는 매우 중요하고 어려운 문제이다. 본 논문에서는, 그러한 다양한 요구사항을 만족하기 위하여, 지연 및 손실 우선 순위 모두를 가진 다종화 알고리즘을 제안한다. 손실 우선 순위의 구현을 위하여, 음성 셀은 폐기 불가한 셀(즉, 높은 우선 순위의 셀) 및 폐기 가능한 셀(즉, 낮은 우선 순위의 셀)로 생성됨을 가정하였다. 낮은 순위의 음성셀은 통신망내에서 혼잡이 발생하면 폐기될 수 있다. 본 셀 탈락 방법은 음성 및 데이터의 지연뿐만 아니라 셀 손실도 감소 시키는 것을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 부하 감소 방법은 광대역 종합정보 통신망의 이용율을 크게 개선 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제30권5_6호
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• pp.871-882
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• 2012

For a connected graph G of order $n$, an ordered set $S=\{u_1,u_2,{\cdots},u_k\}$ of vertices in G is a linear edge geodetic set of G if for each edge $e=xy$ in G, there exists an index $i$, $1{\leq}i$ < $k$ such that e lie on a $u_i-u_{i+1}$ geodesic in G, and a linear edge geodetic set of minimum cardinality is the linear edge geodetic number $leg(G)$ of G. A graph G is called a linear edge geodetic graph if it has a linear edge geodetic set. The linear edge geodetic numbers of certain standard graphs are obtained. Let $g_l(G)$ and $eg(G)$ denote the linear geodetic number and the edge geodetic number, respectively of a graph G. For positive integers $r$, $d$ and $k{\geq}2$ with $r$ < $d{\leq}2r$, there exists a connected linear edge geodetic graph with rad $G=r$, diam $G=d$, and $g_l(G)=leg(G)=k$. It is shown that for each pair $a$, $b$ of integers with $3{\leq}a{\leq}b$, there is a connected linear edge geodetic graph G with $eg(G)=a$ and $leg(G)=b$.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 1999

Objectives: The aims of this study are 1) to determine if GAST is a better indicator in predicting ovarian response to COH compared with patient's age or basal FSH level and 2) to evaluate its role in detecting abnormal ovarian response. Design: Prospective study in 118 patients undergoing IVF-ET using GnRH-a short protocol during May-September 1995. Materials and Methods: After blood sampling for basal FSH and estradiol $(E_2)$ on cycle day two, 0.5ml (0.525mg) GnRH agonist ($Suprefact^{(r)}$, Hoechst) was injected subcutaneously. Serum $E_2$ was measured 24 hours later. Initial $E_2$ difference $({\Delta}E_2)$ was defined as the change in $E_2$ on day 3 over the baseline day 2 value. Sixteen patients with ovarian cyst or single ovary or incorrect blood collection time were excluded from the analysis. The patients were divided into three groups by ${\Delta}E_2$; group A (n=30):${\Delta}E_2$<40 pg/ml, group B (n=52): 40 pg/ml${\leq}{\Delta}E_2$<100 pg/ml, group C (n=20): ${\Delta}E_2{\leq}100$ pg/ml. COH was done by GnRH agonist/HMG/hCG and IVF-ET was followed. Ratio of $E_2$ on day of hCG injection over the number of ampules of gonadotropins used ($E_2hCGday$/Amp) was regarded as ovarian responsiveness. Poor ovarian response and overstimulation were defined as $E_2$ hCGday less than 600 pg/ml and greater than 5000 pg/ml, respectively. Results: Mean age $({\pm}SEM)$ in group A, B and C were $33.7{\pm}0.8^*,\;31.5{\pm}0.6\;and\;30.6{\pm}0.5^*$, respectively ($^*$: p<0.05). Mean basal FSH level of group $A(11.1{\pm}1.1mlU/ml)$ was significantly higher than those of $B(7.4{\pm}0.2mIU/ml)$ and C $(6.8{\pm}0.4mIU/ml)$ (p<0.001). Mean $E_2hCGday$ of group A was significantly lower than those of group B or C, i.e., $1402.1{\pm}187.7pg/ml,\;3153.2{\pm}240.0pg/ml,\;4078.8{\pm}306.4pg/ml$ respectively (p<0.0001). The number of ampules of gonadotropins used in group A was significantly greater than those in group B or C: $38.6{\pm}2.3,\;24.2{\pm}1.1\;and\;18.5{\pm}1.0$ (p<0.0001). The number of oocytes retrieved in group A was significantly smaller than those in group B or C: $6.4{\pm}1.1,\;15.5{\pm}1.1\;and\;18.6{\pm}1.6$, respectively (p<0.0001). By stepwise multiple regression, only ${\Delta}E_2$ showed a significant correlation (r=0.68, p<0.0001) with $E_2HCGday$/Amp, while age or basal FSH level were not significant. Likewise, only ${\Delta}E_2$ correlated significantly with the number of oocytes retrieved (r=0.57, p<0.001). All four patients whose COH was canceled due to poor ovarian response belonged to group A only (Fisher's exact test, p<0.01). Whereas none of 30 patients in group A (0%) had overstimulation, 14 patients among 72 patients (19.4%) in group B and C had overstimulation (Fisher's exact test, p<0.01). Conclusions: These data suggest that initial $E_2$ difference after GAST may be a better prognostic indicator of ovarian response to COH than age or basal FSH level. Since initial $E_2$ difference demonstrates significant association with abnormal ovarian response such as poor ovarian response necessitating cycle cancellation or overstimulation, GAST may be helpful in monitoring and consultation of patients during COH in IVF-ET cycle.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.424-432
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• 1998

To get a satisfactory result in the composite resin restorations, it is necessary to choose correct shade. At present, most of the commercial composite resins are based on the Vita Lumin shade guide or Bioform shade guide, but color differences might be expected even using the same shade in various materials. In this study, five kinds of light-cured composite resins with A2 and B3 shade were used to measure and compare the color each other while one porcelain served as a control. All composite resins (Spectrum TPH (SP), VeridonFil- Photo (VE), Z100 (Z100), Charisma (CH), Prodigy (PRO)) were filled in to the metal mold (12 mm diameter, 2 mm depth), followed by compression, polymerization and polishing with wet sandpaper. The specimens of porcelain were fabricated by using the refractory mold for porcelain. After 24 hours, the specimens were placed on the spectrocolorimeter and spectral reflectance were measured under CIE illuminant D65. After measuring the values of $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ and ${\Delta}E^*$, following results were obtained; 1. The $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of both shade of porcelain specimens showed significantly higher than those of resin specimens(p<0.05). 2. In comparing the resin specimens of the A2 shade, differences were significant except $L^*$ values of SP-CH and PRO-VE, $a^*$ values of the VE-SP and $b^*$ values of the VE-Z100 and SP-PRO(p<0.05), 3. In comparing the resin specimens of the B3 shade, differences were significant except $L^*$ values of PRO-SP, $a^*$ values of the SP-PRO and Z100-VE and b* values of the PRO-SP(p<0.05). 4. In comparing the resin specimens of the A2 shade, color differences between materials (${\Delta}E^*$) showed the lowest value of 1.66, and the highest was 5.16. ${\Delta}E^*$ values of the materials of VE-PRO, CH-PRO, SP-PRO, SP-Z100 and SP-CH were lower than 3.3. 5. In comparing the resin specimens of the B3 shade, the lowest value of the ${\Delta}E^*$ was 0.57 and the highest was 5.92. ${\Delta}E^*$ values of Z100-CH and SP-PRO were lower than 3.3. The present study revealed there was perceptible color difference between materials even if they have the same designated shade based on Vita shade guide. The results of the present study suggested that it would be necessary to establish the reproducible and constant color specification system for an esthetic restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.163-177
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• 2019

폐MDF로부터 해섬하여 얻은 재생섬유를 Reactive Red H-E3B (Bis-monochlorotriazine(MCT)/MCT type)와 Reactive Red RB 133%(bis-monochlorotriazine/Vinyl sulphone type)로 염색할 때 최적의 염색조건을 구명하기 위하여 염색조건(염료 농도, 염과 알칼리 첨가량, 염색온도)과 염색특성 및 일광견뢰도와의 관계를 검토하였다. 2종의 반응성염료 모두 염료농도가 1~10(%,OWF)로 증가함에 따라 염착량(K/S)은 증가하였다. 또한, H-E3B가 RB 133%보다 염료 농도에 관계없이 K/S는 높았으며, 자외선 조사에 따른 색차는 낮아 자외선에 의한 변색 저항성이 양호하였다. 황산나트륨의 첨가량이 증가할수록 색차 및 K/S도 증가하였으며, 염의 첨가량은 50~70 g/L가 적절하였다. 2 g/L의 탄산나트륨 첨가에 의해 색차 및 K/S가 크게 증가하였으나 그 이상의 첨가량 증가에서는 거의 차이가 없었다. 탄산나트륨의 첨가량은 pH 10을 유지하는 5~10 g/L가 적절할 것으로 생각된다. H-E3B 염료는 염색 온도가 높아짐에 따라 염착량이 증가하다가 $80^{\circ}C$에서 다시 감소한 반면 RB 133%는 $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$까지는 거의 동일한 염착량을 나타냈으나, 이후 감소하였다. 따라서 H-E3B는 $80^{\circ}C$, RB 133%는 $60^{\circ}C$가 적정한 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 최적조건에서 폐MDF 목질섬유를 염색처리하면 H-E3B염료는 1.5~2.0R, RB 133%염료는 9.6~10.0 PR의 색상을 가지는 염색 재생 목질섬유의 제조가 가능하였다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2007년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.211-214
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 800MHz대역의 TRS(Trunked Radio System)대역을 비롯한, GSM(Global System for Mobile telecommunication), CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) 대역을 통합할 수 있는 광대역 마이크로스트립 안테나를 설계하고자 한다. 그리고 선박 및 해상 안전에 상용 가능한 선박 기지국 중계기용 안테나를 설계하였다. 마이크로 스트립 안테나의 협대역을 개선하기 위해서 직사각형 패치에 U자 형태의 급전구조를 갖고, 그라운드와 급전 사이에 유전체(${\varepsilon}_T$ = 2.1), 패치와 급전 사이에는 유전체 (${\varepsilon}_T$ = 1)인 서로 다른 유전체를 사용하여 이중 공진 효과를 이용하였다. 설계된 안테나의 주파수 대역폭(VSWR 2:1)은 $780MHz{\sim}1.83GHz$로 2.61GHz의 광대역 특성을 보였으며. 또한 E-평면과 H-평면 모두 이득은 9.dBi이상. 3dB 빔폭은 E-평면 과 H-평면 $60^{\circ}$이상의 개선된 특성을 보였다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권3_4호
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• pp.429-440
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to classify the types of men's shoulders through the criteria which represent the characteristic of men's shoulders. In addition, we introduce new bodice patterns depending on our classification. We have the fo11owing conclusions based on our sample size of 200 men's shoulders: 1. The result of factor analysis indicates that six factors are extracted and they consist of 62.3% of total variance. We then choose three factors as standard items for our classification of the shape of men's shoulders. 2. We divide the shape of shoulders into three categories: bent, slopeness, and thickness. Each category is divided into three subcategories. (a) Bent: If one's shoulders are bent forward or backward, then we call them front or back-bent type. Otherwise, they are called standard-bent type. (b) Slopeness: If one's shoulders have an easy or steep slope, then we call them easy or steep slope type. Or else, they are called standard slope type. (c) Thickness: If one's shoulders are thick or thin, then we call them thick or thin type. Otherwise, we call them standard thick type. 3. According to the frequency based on our data entries of 200 men's shoulders, we introduce five new types of men's shoulders. 76.5% of examined men's shoulders belong to one of these five types: (a) 8.0% of standard slope and back-bent type: (b) 9.5% of easy slope and standard-bent type; (c) 45.5% of standard slope and standard-bent type; (d) 5.5% of steep slope and standard-bent type; (e) 8.0% of standard slope and back-bent type. 4. The suitability of new basic bodice patterns based on the types of men's shoulders are demonstrated by the high approval rate of the subjects who participate in testing.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.757-774
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• 2022

Let a and b be positive even integers. An even [a, b]-factor of a graph G is a spanning subgraph H such that for every vertex v ∈ V (G), d_H(v) is even and a ≤ dH(v) ≤ b. Let κ(G) be the minimum size of a vertex set S such that G - S is disconnected or one vertex, and let σ₂(G) = min_uv∉E(G) (d(u)+d(v)). In 2005, Matsuda proved an Ore-type condition for an n-vertex graph satisfying certain properties to guarantee the existence of an even [2, b]-factor. In this paper, we prove that for an even positive integer b with b ≥ 6, if G is an n-vertex graph such that n ≥ b + 5, κ(G) ≥ 4, and σ₂(G) ≥ ${\frac{8n}{b+4}}$, then G contains an even [4, b]-factor; each condition on n, κ(G), and σ₂(G) is sharp.