• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.311-316
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• 2018

IMO introduced the concept of e-Navigation and proposed MSPs(Maritime Service Portfolios) concept to reduce marine accidents, to improve efficiency of ship operation, port operation, and ship operation technology. Korean e-Navigation defines S1 ~ S5 services, as the service concept focused on domestic e-Navigation service corresponding to IMO MSPs, and is constructing a system as an ongoing project. S2 service (onboard system remote monitoring service) among the concepts of Korean e-Navigation services, is a service concept that judges the emergency level according to risk if an abnormal condition occurs during navigation, and provides corresponding guidance to accident ships based on emergency level. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basic architecture proposal of Korean e-Navigation S2 service navigation safety module, based on the S2 service operation concept. To do this, we conducted a questionnaire survey to ask experts with experience with sailors, to respond to the subjective risk experienced by sailors considering effects of anomalies, including equipment failure relative to sailing and navigational safety. Risk level for each abnormal condition was classified. The basic algorithm design of the navigation safety module is composed of safety index (SI) calculation module based on results of questionnaire and expert opinions, safety level (SL) determination module according to safety index, and corresponding guidance generation module according to safety level. To conduct basic validation of basic architecture of the navigation safety module, simulation of the ship anomaly monitoring was performed, and results have been revealed.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.277-286
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• 2017

IMO introduced e-Navigation concept to improve the efficiency of ship operation, port operation, and ship navigation technology. IMO proposed sixteen MSPs (Maritime Service Portfolio) applicable to the ships and onshore in case of e-Navigation implementation. In order to meet the demands of the international society, the system implementation work for the Korean e-Navigation has been specified. The Korean e-Navigation system has five service categories: the S2 service category, which is a ship anomaly monitoring service, is a service that classifies emergency levels according to the degree of abnormal condition when a ship has an abnormality in ship operation, and provides guidance for emergency situations. The navigation safety module is a sub-module of the S2 service that determines the emergency level in case of navigation equipment malfunctioning, engine or steering gear failure during navigation. It provides emergency response guidance based on emergency level to the abnormal ship. If an abnormal condition occurs during the ship operation, first, the ship shall determine the emergency level, according to the degree of abnormality of the ship. Second, an emergency response guidance is generated based on the determined emergency level, and the guidance is transmitted to the ship, which helps the navigators prevent accidents and not to spread. In this study, the operational concept for the implementation of the Korean e-Navigation system is designed and the concept is focused on the navigation safety module of S2 service.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.311-322
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• 2023

In this study, the properties of various material combinations were evaluated and an ideal material for fabricating protection pads for women's army combat uniforms was determined. Eight specimens were used for the evaluation: two types of materials, namely thermoplastic polyurethane for 3D printing, T and ethylene-vinyl acetate, E; two infill densities, namely 10%, 10 and 30%, 30; two types of pad designs, i.e., without holes, A and with holes, B; 2×2×2=8 and control E. The tensile strength, flexural strength, impact absorption, and weight of these specimens were evaluated. Results revealed that E was the most flexible material; however, its tensile strength and impact absorption were very low. Protection pads made from T (T-10A, T-10B, T-30A, and T-30B) had excellent tensile strength and impact absorption; however, they had low performance in ease of movement. Alternatively, protection pad with holes and an infill density of 30% produced using a combination of T and E had a high initial tensile modulus and exhibited excellent impact absorption. Moreover, it was flexible and light, which satisfies the standards and conditions required by protection pads. However, if T-E-10A and T-E-30B exhibited low impact absorption, as required, they can be regarded as appropriate materials for protection pads.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.63-79
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• 2004

Peer-to-peer(P2P) has potential strength and possible factors which enable it to develop toward a new business by supplementing the limitation of the existing central server-type network. In various business sectors, various attempts have already been made to apply P2P. The computing power which was possible to be formed through peer-to-peer networking will become a powerful tools for expanding toward new business area depending the utilization methods by sector. Although the technology-centric P2P concept is a major interest now, its development direction will head toward service-centric P2P concept for satisfying desires of end-users(individual peers) for reliable contents and improving their purchasing convenience. But the solution requisites should be solved for the efficient application of P2P to business such as the establishment of and supplement for the industrial standard and legal system for P2P, the enhancement of peers recognition of P2P. Presently e-commerce using P2P is being implemented by a few enterprises locally by means of B2C. But if many enterprises enter this type of e-commerce, and the standardization of peer programmes, goods and documents is made, it will be able to be extended to B2B. Also it seems that it can be utilized in international transactions as well as in domestic transactions. So there is much room for the application of P2P to be extended further. Also there has been presented the necessity for related industries to support their work with theories and for academic studies to be made actively to set the direction of its development. It is hoped that multi-angled and in-depth studies on the utilization of P2P and various attempts to application of it to business be made on the basis of this study. For the development of P2P, continuous study and attempts are needed. The field of P2Ps application is very large and it will become a powerful tool, depending upon its application methods.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.329-334
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• 2008

Given operators X and Y acting on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, an interpolating operator is a bounded operator A such that AX = Y. In this article, the following is proved: Let $\mathcal{L}$ be a subspace lattice on $\mathcal{H}$ and let X and Y be operators acting on a Hilbert space H. Let P be the projection onto the $\overline{rangeX}$. If PE = EP for each E ${\in}$ $\mathcal{L}$, then the following are equivalent: (1) sup ${{\frac{{\parallel}E^{\perp}Yf{\parallel}}{{\parallel}E^{\perp}Xf{\parallel}}}:f{\in}\mathcal{H},\;E{\in}\mathcal{L}}$ < ${\infty},\;\overline{rangeY}\;{\subset}\;\overline{rangeX}$, and there is a bounded operator T acting on $\mathcal{H}$ such that < Xf, Tg >=< Yf, Xg >, < Tf, Tg >=< Yf, Yg > for all f and gin $\mathcal{H}$ and $T^*h$ = 0 for h ${\in}\;{\overline{rangeX}}^{\perp}$. (2) There is a normal operator A in AlgL such that AX = Y and Ag = 0 for all g in range ${\overline{rangeX}}^{\perp}$.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.34 no.3_4
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• pp.227-237
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• 2016

In this paper we introduce a new graph labeling called k-prime cordial labeling. Let G be a (p, q) graph and 2 ≤ p ≤ k. Let f : V (G) → {1, 2, . . . , k} be a map. For each edge uv, assign the label gcd (f(u), f(v)). f is called a k-prime cordial labeling of G if |v_f (i) − v_f (j)| ≤ 1, i, j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , k} and |e_f (0) − e_f (1)| ≤ 1 where v_f (x) denotes the number of vertices labeled with x, e_f (1) and e_f (0) respectively denote the number of edges labeled with 1 and not labeled with 1. A graph with a k-prime cordial labeling is called a k-prime cordial graph. In this paper we investigate the k-prime cordial labeling behavior of a star and we have proved that every graph is a subgraph of a k-prime cordial graph. Also we investigate the 3-prime cordial labeling behavior of path, cycle, complete graph, wheel, comb and some more standard graphs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 1986

Experiment have been conducted about thin oxide characteristics according to O2/N2 ratio needed for EEPROM cell fabrication. As a result, we think that there is no problem even if we grow oxide layer with large O2/N2 ratio and short exidation time and when the water is implated by As before oxidation, the oxide breakdown field is about IMV/cm lower than that is not implanted. Especially, the thin oxide characteristic seems to be affected largely by wafer cleaning and oxidation in air. On the basis of these, tunnel type EEPROM cell is fabricated by 3um CMOS process and its characteristic is studied. Tunnel oxide thickness(100\ulcorner is chosen to allow Fowler-Nordheim tunneling to charge the floating gate at the desired programming voltage and tunnel area(2x2um\ulcorneris chosen to increase capacitive coupling ratio. For program operation, high voltage (20-22V) is applied to the control gate, while both drain and source are gdrounded. The drain voltage for erase is 16V. It is shown that charge retention characteristics is not limited by leakage in the oxide and program/erase endurance is over 10E4 cycles of program erase operation.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.113-139
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• 2007

This study aims to, looking from a standpoint of network, has investigated the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace, the characteristics that can earn electronic trust from the users, and characteristics of the web-site. It has examined the mechanism whereby electronic trust be earned and how it affects web-site involvement and service transaction intention. Ultimately, The study attempts to make proposals whereby such trust can lead for a cooperative trading community in the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace The Covalence structural equation modeling was designed and empirically tested for the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace. The shipping industry employees were given questionnaires and data were analyzed. Except for perceived security of the three characteristic factors on the web-site, the perceived site quality and characteristics factors in operation only affected co-variables. Transaction Fairness was determined to be the most important factor among exogenous factors increasing electronic trust. With regards to transaction rules, if a transaction is beneficial only to one side, then no long term transaction will not take place. If the concerned parties properly recognize that transaction fairness is crucial to electronic transaction, then it will enormously contribute to successful operations of shipping e-marketplace. Also, Perceived efficiency in transaction also affects electronic trust. This reduces transaction costs and speeds up and simplifies the transaction process. It has reduced greater time and costs than existing off-line transaction, and would positively affect electronic trust. By making an open forum for participants to obtain information for transaction, they can gather useful information, and at the same time, the web-site operator can provide information, which, in turn, will increase electronic trust in electronic transaction. Furthermore, such formation of trust in electronic transaction influences shipping companies in such a way that they will want to continuously participate in the transaction, raising web-site involvement. The result of increased trust is that shipping companies in the future will do business with each other and form a foundation for continuous transactions amongst themselves. Consequently, the formation of trust in electronic transaction greatly influences web-site involvement and service transaction intention. The results of the study have again proved that in order to maintain continuous business relationship with the current clients, electronic trust in virtual space, which operates the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace, is important for the interested parties.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.847-852
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• 2003

It was examined carefully that the bacterial die-off between Chlorella vulgaris and E. coli. W3110 was tested through adding TOC (total organic carbon) with the lab-scaled continuous river water flow system (CRWFS). Artificial synthetic wastewater was applied at two levels of organic carbon concentration; 1,335 mg/l in treatment type 1 and 267 mg/l in type 2. In both types, the population densities of Chlorella vulgaris were similar in a maximum 8.25 ${\times}$ 10$\^$6/ cells/ml (type 1) and 6.925 ${\times}$ 10$\^$6/ cells/ml (type 2). The maximum densities of E. coli. W3110 were 2.0 ${\times}$ 10$\^$8/ colony forming unit (CFU)/ml in type 1 and 3.9 ${\times}$ 10$\^$8/ CFU/ml in type 2. The densities increased for 11 days in type 1 and 4 days in type 2, then decreased rapidly till the 35th day, then slightly increased again. This trend was prominent in type 2. It implied that a wider range of nutrients was required in the growth of heterotrophic bacteria in type 2 than in type 1. We could not expect successful bacterial die-off if the wastewater retention time was not furnished sufficiently.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1523-1528
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• 2018

For $r{\geq}2$, let ${\mathcal{H}}$ be an r-uniform hypergraph with n vertices and m hyperedges. Let R be a random vertex set obtained by choosing each vertex of ${\mathcal{H}}$ independently with probability p. Let ${\mathcal{H}}[R]$ be the subhypergraph of ${\mathcal{H}}$ induced on R. We obtain an upper bound on the matching number ${\nu}({\mathcal{H}}[R])$ and a lower bound on the independence number ${\alpha}({\mathcal{H}}[R])$ of ${\mathcal{H}}[R]$. First, we show that if $mp^r{\geq}{\log}\;n$, then ${\nu}(H[R]){\leq}2e^{\ell}mp^r$ with probability at least $1-1/n^{\ell}$ for each positive integer ${\ell}$. It is best possible up to a constant factor depending only on ${\ell}$ if $m{\leq}n/r$. Next, we show that if $mp^r{\geq}{\log}\;n$, then ${\alpha}({\mathcal{H}}[R]){\geq}np-{\sqrt{3{\ell}np\;{\log}\;n}-2re^{\ell}mp^r$ with probability at least $1-3/n^{\ell}$.