• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.241-253
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• 2003

Changes in chemical, microbiological quality of pan fried oak mushroom and meat, soy sauce glazed hair tail and roasted dodok in wrap packaging, top sealing, vacuum packaging were evaluated during storage 25$^{\circ}C$, 4$^{\circ}C$, -18$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The results were as follows: 1) The cases of chilled and frozen storage, there were small increases in the pH from the first day, with no differences between the different packaging methods, with the exception of the vacuum packaging, which was lower. The pH and Aw of the roasted dodok were lower than those of the other foods. The Aw for all three foods at room temperature significantly decreased in the wrap packaging and top sealing on day one, but the rate of reduction was lower when in chilled storage. The VBN increased with increasing length of storage, and temperatures, but the rate of increase was lower in the top sealing and vacuum packaging. The VBN of roasted dodok was considerably lower than with the other foods. The POV increased significantly on the first day or room temperature storage and the rate or increase was low in chilled End frozen storages, and in the vacuum packaging. 2) SPC of the roasted dodok at room temperature increased significantly within five days of storage. but was inhibited within five days in the vacuum packaging with chilled storage. The SPC of the soy sauce glazed hair tail was low in the top sealing and vacuum packaging when in chilled storage. The coliform of the pan fried oak mushroom and meat. on the fifth day of room temperature storage, was close to hazardous conditions for the wrap packaging. From the third day of chilled storage, few coliform were detected in the pan fried oak mushroom and meat, or the soy sauce glazed hair tail, but not in the vacuum packaging, within five days, for all three foods in frozen storage. The S. spp. had exceeded the standard in the wrap packaging and top sealing with the pan fried oak mushroom and meat on the third day at room temperature, but was not detected in the vacuum packaging within five days, and exceeded the standard in the wrap packaging on the fifth day of chilled storage. S. spp. was not detected in the soy sauce glazed hair tail within five days at all storage temperatures. S. spp. was not detected in the roasted dodok within five days of chilled and frozen storage, but was detected from the third day in the wrap packaging. and the fifth in the top sealing, at room temperature, which exceeded the standard. Sal. spp., V parahaemolyticus, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes were not detected. 3) The Aw was found to be influenced by storage temperature, period and packaging method, while the VBN was significantly influenced by the storage temperature and period. Regarding the SPC, the pan fried oak mushroom and meat was affected by the storage temperature and period, while the soy sauce glazed hair tail was influenced by the packaging method and storage period. The roasted dodok's microbiological quality was influenced by the method of packaging. The chemical, microbiological quality of home-delivered meals were preserved to be five days in the vacuum packaging, at. chilled and frozen storage.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.37-46
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• 2011

Since the Korean retail industry was made accessible to the big conglomerates and foreign retail companies, local traditional markets have faced serious problems. To sustain the local traditional markets' survival, the Korean government established various remedial policies for addressing, and many scholars published articles to suggest how to find solutions to, the problem. Unfortunately, the results have not been satisfactory. The purpose of this study is to find another way to help the Korean traditional retail market, from the view point of the Green Growth Policy, an initiative designed to address environmentally balanced economic growth in Korea. In order to survive and to maintain sustainable growth, it is incumbent upon retailers in the traditional market to understand the concept of the Green Growth Policy. A survey was conducted as a means of testing the degree of awareness of the Green Growth Policy, as well as determining the relationship between the degree of awareness and the degree of organizational commitment by the retailers in the local traditional markets. Interestingly, we were able to detect some of the features (e.g., they were distinguished by the elderly and the young, as well as low level of education and high level of education) in the traditional market retailers' demographic characteristics. We utilized the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical method to simultaneously compare the differences in retailers' demographic characteristics; the results were as follows: Overall, the results showed that the awareness of the Green Growth Policy, the degree of trust in the government's policy, levels of self-efficacy, and levels of organizational commitment were higher with the older traditional market retailers than the younger traditional market retailers. Specifically, the degree of trust in government policies (F=9.964,p < .05), levels of self-efficacy (F=5.532,p < .05), and levels of organizational commitment (F=5.697,p < .05) were statistically significant. Moreover, in the portion of the study that addressed the difference between education levels, all the variables were averaged in the higher education category of the traditional market retailers. Specifically, awareness levels of the Green Growth Policy (F=8.564,p < .005) and levels of self-efficacy (F=6.754,p < .005) were statistically significant. These results revealed that the traditional market retailers' demographic characteristics should be considered important factors in order to realize their policy. The results of the study showed the following: 1) The degree of awareness of the government's Green Growth Policy was statistically significant as it related to traditional market retailers' organizational commitment. 2) The degree of trust of the government's policy was significantly moderated between the awareness of the government's Green Growth Policy and the traditional market retailers' organizational commitment. This result demonstrates that the traditional market retailers' awareness of the government's Green Growth Policy will show more organizational commitment with higher levels of trust of the government's policy. 3) It also revealed that traditional market retailers' self-efficacy was fully mediated between the awareness of the Green Growth Policy of the government and traditional market retailers' organizational commitment. The results suggest that the government should show an interest in showing traditional market retailers how to enhance their traditional markets. Implications and future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2014

Objective of this paper is to assess the available data on the pesticide uses and regulations in the golf courses, and provide the nationwide systematic management options. Numbers of golf courses in Korea are rapidly increasing from 2000s and reached at 421 sites by the end of 2011. Accordingly pesticide usage has been increased with years in direct proportion to the increasing number of golf courses. Amounts of pesticide applied in 2011 were 118,669 kg as of an active ingredient and were in the orders of fungicides (54.9%) > insecticides (24.4%) > herbicides (13.3%) > growth regulators (0.1%). Average pesticide usages in 2011 were 280.9 kg per golf course and $5.4kg\;ha^{-1}$. Frequencies of the residual pesticide detections in green and turf were higher than those in fairway and soil, respectively. Residue of highly toxic pesticides was not detected in golf courses. Ministry of Environment in 2010 has developed the 'golf course pesticide monitoring and management system' which is the advanced online registry for kind and amount of pesticides applied in each golf course. This system is intended for monitoring of the pesticide uses and residual levels and protecting the environmental pollution from pesticides in the golf course. In 2009, management of pesticides in the golf courses became the task of Ministry of Environment, being merged from many federal agency and ministries. The protocol for the site-specific best management practices, on which to base results from the risk assessment, should be set for pesticides in the golf to minimize the environmental impacts.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1976

1975년(年) 3월(月), 4년반(年半) 동안의 Chemical Abstracts 색인(索引)과 온-라인이 가능(可能)한 CA Condensates를 비교(比較)하였다. 두가지 데이터 베이스를 함께 이용(利用)하여 검색(檢索)하는 방법(方法)이 가장 효율적(效率的)이지만 실예(實例)에서 보는 바와 같이 CA Condensates를 검색(檢索)하는 것이 보다 실용적(實用的)이다. System Development Corp 사(社) (SDC)에 설치(設置)되어 있는 온-라인 형태(形態)인 CHEMCON과 CHEM7071을 Chemical Abstracts 색인(索引)과 비교(比較)하였다. 대부분(大部分)의 Chemical Abstracts 이용자(理容者)들은 Chemical Abstracts 책자나 우가색인(累加索引)에는 친숙(親熟)하지만 CA Condensates는 아마도 그리 친숙(親熟)하지 못할 것이다. CA Condensates는 서지적 사항을 기계(機械)로 읽을 수 있는 형태(形態)로 되어 있고 Chemical Abstracts에 따라서 색인(索引)되므로 매주 발행되는 Chemical Abstracts 책자의 뒷 부분이 있는 색인(索引)과 같이 우리에게 가장 친숙(親熟)한 형태(形態)로 되어 있다. Chemical Abstracts가 현재(現在) 사용(使用)하고 있는 데이터 데이스이지만 본고(本稿)에서는 Index와 Condensates를 둘 다 데이터 베이스로 정의(定義)한다. Condensates가 미국(美國)의 Chemical Abstracts Service 기관으로부터 상업적(商業的)으로 이용(利用)할 수 있게 되자 여러 정보(情報)센터에서는 이용자(利用者)들의 프로 파일을 뱃취방식(方式)으로 처리(處理)하여 매주 나오는 자기(磁氣)테이프에서 최신정보(最新情報)를 검색(檢索)하여 제공(提供)하는 서어비스 (SDI)를 시작하였다. 어떤 정보(情報)센터들은 지나간 자기(磁氣)테이프들을 모아서 역시 뱃취방식(方式)으로 소급(遡及) 문헌검색(文獻檢索) 서어비스를 한다. 자기(磁氣)테이프를 직접 취급(取扱)하는 사람들을 제외(除外)하고는 대부분(大部分) Condensates를 아직 잘 모르고 있다. 소급(遡及) 문헌검색(文獻檢索)은 비용이 다소 비싸고 두서없이 이것 저것 문헌(文獻)을 검색(檢索)하는 방법(方法)은 실용적(實用的)이 못된다. 매주 나오는 색인(索引)에 대해서 두 개나 그 이상의 개념(槪念)이나 물질(物質)을 조합(組合)하여 검색(檢索)하는 방법(方法)은 어렵고 실용적(實用的)이 못된다. 오히려 주어진 용어(用語) 아래에 있는 모든 인용어(引用語)들을 보고 초록(抄錄)과의 관련성(關連性)을 결정(決定)하는 것이 때때로 더 쉽다. 상호(相互) 작용(作用)하는 온-라인 검색(檢索)을 위한 Condensates의 유용성(有用性)은 많은 변화를 가져 왔다. 필요(必要)한 문헌(文獻)만을 검색(檢索)해 보는 것이 이제 가능(可能)하고 어떤 항목(項目)에 대해서도 완전(完全)히 색인(索引)할 수 있게 되었다. 뱃취 시스팀으로는 검색(檢索)을 시작해서 그 결과(結果)를 받아 볼 때 까지 수시간(數時間)에서 며칠까지 걸리는 번거로운 시간차(時間差)를 이제는 보통 단 몇 분으로 줄일 수 있다. 그리고 뱃취 시스팀과는 달리 부정확하거나 불충분한 검색방법(檢索方法)은 즉시 고칠 수가 있다. 연속적인 뱃취 형태의 검색방법(檢索方法)에 비해서 순서(順序)없이 온-라인으로 검색(檢索)하는 방법(方法)이 분명(分明)하고 정확(正確)한 장점(長點)이 있다. CA Condensates를 자주 이용(移用)하게 되자 그의 진정한 가치(價値)에, 대해 논의(論義)가 있었다. CA Condensates의 색인방법(索引方法)은 CA Abstract 책자나 우가색인(累加索引)의 방법(方法)보다 확실히 덜 체계적(體系的)이고 철저(徹底)하지 못하다. 더우기 두 데이터 베이스는 중복(重複)것이 많으므로, 중복(重複)해서 검색(檢索)할 가치(價値)가 없는지를 결정(決定)해야 한다. 다른 몇 개의 데이터 베이스와 CA Condensates를 비교(比較)한 논문(論文)들이 여러 번 발표(發表)되어 왔는데 일반적(一般的)으로 CA Condensates는 하위(下位)의 데이터 베이스로 나타났다. Buckley는 Chemical Abstracts의 색인(索引)이 CA Condensates 보다 더 좋은 문헌 (데라마이신의 제법에 관해서)을 제공(提供)한 실례(實例)를 인용(引用)하였다. 죠오지대학(大學)의 Search Center는 CA Condensates가 CA Integrated Subject File 보다 기능(機能)이 못하다는 것을 알았다. CA Condensates의 다른 여러 가지 형태(形態)들을 또한 비교(比較)하였다. Michaels은 CA Condensates를 온-라인으로 검색(檢索)한 것과 매주 나오는 Chemical Abstracts 책자의 색인(索引)은 수작업(手作業)으로 검색(檢索)한 것을 비교(比較)한 논문(論文)을 발표(發表)하였다. 그리고 Prewitt는 온-라인으로 축적(蓄積)한 두 개의 상업용(商業用) CA Condensates를 비교(比較)하였다. Amoco Research Center에서도 CA Condensates와 Chemical Abstracts 색인(索引)의 검색결과(檢索結果)를 비교(比較)하고 CA Condensates의 장점(長點)과 색인(索引)의 장점(長點), 그리고 사실상(事實上) 서로 동등(同等)하다는 실례(實例)를 발견(發見)하였다. 1975년(年) 3월(月), 적어도 4년분(年分)의 CA Condensates와 색인(索引)(Vols 72-79, 1970-1973)을 비교(比較)하였다. 저자(著者)와 일반(一般) 주제(主題) 대한 검색(檢索)은 Vol 80 (Jan-June, 1974)을 사용(使用)하여 비교(比較)하였다. CA Condensates는 보통 세분화(細分化)된 복합물(複合物)을 검색(檢索)하는 데 불편(不便)하다. Buckly가 제시(提示)한 실례(實例)가 그 대표적(代表的)인 예(例)이다. 그러나, 다른 형태(形態)의 검색실예(檢索實例)(단체저자(團?著者), 특허수탁저(特許受託著), 개인저자(個人著者), 일반적(一般的)인/세분화(細分化)된 화합물(化合物) 그리고 반응종류(反應種類)로 실제적(實際的)인 검색(檢索)을 위한 CA Condensates의 이점(利點)을 예시(例示)하였다. 다음 실례(實例)에서 CHEMCON과 CHEM7071은 CA Condensates를 온-라인으로 입력(入力)시킨 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 1993

The primary and secondary structure of the 5S rRNA isolated from Xanthomonas celebensis were determined by enzymatic and chemical degradation methods. It consists of 119 nucleotides and contains no modified nucleosides. As with the 5S rRNAs of X. maltophilia and X. citri, it contains an additional uridine residue on the 5'-terminus. Its secondary structure was almost identical to the models previously proposed by us for the 5S rRNA of two Xanthomonas species. Its secondary structure consists of five helices, five loops and two bulges. The tertiary interactions in the 5S rRNA molecule were analyzed by Fe(II)-EDTA treatment and hybridization method using deoxyhexamer. From the fact that some adenine residues in loop M, region $I_1-C$, loop $H_1$, and loop $H_2$ become susceptible to diethylpyrocarbonate when the 5S rRNA was hybridized with deoxyhexamer complementary to the sequence $U_{35}CCCAU_{40}$ and that some nucleotide residues in loop M, loop $H_1$ and region $D-I_2$ become resistant Fe(II)-EDTA cleavage in the presence of $Mg^{2+}$, it is presumed that loops $H_1$ and $H_2$ interact with loop M in some way. In the tertiary interaction, the regions $I_1-C$ and $D-I_2$ seem to act as hinges in folding the stems $B-I_1-C$ and $D-I_2-E.$ It was found that loop $H_1$ changes into a smaller loop of three bases by forming noncanonical A : C base-pairs ih acidic environment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.939-948
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to identify the quantitative traits loci(QTL) for economically important traits such as growth, carcass and meat quality on pig chromosome 6. A three generation resource population was constructed from cross between Korean native boars and Landrace sows. A total of 240 F$_2$ animals were produced using intercross between 10 boars and 31 sows of F$_1$ animals. Phenotypic data including body weight at 3 weeks, backfat thickness, muscle pH, shear force and crude protein level were collected from F$_2$ animals. Animals including grandparents(F$_0$), parents(F$_1$) and offspring(F$_2$) were genotyped for 29 microsatellite markers and PCR-RFLP marker on chromosome 6. The linkage analysis was performed using CRI-MAP software version 2.4(Green et al., 1990) with FIXED option to obtain the map distances. The total length of SSC6 linkage map estimated in this study was 169.3cM. The average distance between adjacent markers was 6.05cM. For mapping of QTL, we used F$_2$ QTL Analysis Servlet of QTL express, a web-based QTL mapping tool(http://qtl.cap.ed.ac.uk). Five QTLs were detected at 5% chromosome-wide level for body weight of 3 weeks of age, shear force, meat pH at 24 hours after slaughtering, backfat thickness and crude protein level on SSC6.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.1 s.93
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

During April 1993 to November 1994, cations, anions, and conductivity were analyzed to examine how summer monsoon influences the ionic content of Taechung Reservoir, Korea. Interannual variability of ionic content reflected hydrological characteristics between the two years(high-flood year in 1993 vs. draught year in 1994). Cations, anions and conductivity were lowest during peak inflow in 1993 and highest during a drought in 1994. Floods in 1993 markedly decreased total salinity as a result of reduced Ca$^{2+}$ and HCO$_{3}\;^{-}$ and produced extreme spatial heterogeneity (i.e., longitudinal, vertical, and horizontal variation) in ionic concentrations. The dominant process modifying the longitudinal (the headwaters-to-downlake) and vertical (top-to-bottom) patterns in salinity was an interflow current during the 1993 monsoon. The interflow water plunged near a 27${\sim}$37 km-location (from the dam) of the mid-lake and passed through the 10${\sim}$30m stratum of the reservoir, resulting in an isolation of epilimnetic high conductivity water (>100 ${\mu}$S/cm) from advected river water with low conductivity (65${\sim}$75 ${\mu}$S/cm), During postmonsoon 1993, the factors regulating salinity differed spatially; salinity of downlake markedly declined as a result of dilution through the mixing of lake water with river water, whereas in the headwaters it increased due to enhanced CaCO$_{3}$ (originated from limestone/metamorphic rock) of groundwaters entering the reservoir. This result suggests an importance of the basin geology on ion compositions with hydrological characteristics. In 1994, salinity was markedly greater (p<0.001) relative to 1993 and ionic dilution did not occur during the monsoon due to reduced inflow. Overall data suggest that the primary factor influencing seasonal ionic concentrations and compositions in this system is the dilution process depending on the intensity of monsoon rainfall.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.19-37
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• 2012

This study aims to give a broad overview of family-related contents in home economics from the 1st national curriculum to the 2007 revised national curriculum, thereby contributing to value fulfillment, textbook research, and educational development of home economics. The findings are summed up as follows: First, this study looks at the change of family-related goals and contents in home economics tutorials by national curriculum. Family-related goals shift a focus from a member of nation to individual pursuit of happiness, and the scope of family-related contents expands from a part of family (i.e. understanding of children) to every aspect of family life. Second, family-related contents record a higher share in home economics textbooks at the later stage of national curriculum. Third, this study classifies the change of family-related contents in home economics textbooks by national curriculum into seven categories: understanding of human development, process of human development, parenting and parental roles, understanding of family and family transition, marriage and family development, family relationship and issues, and family well-being. In particular, 'understanding of human development' underscores fundamental principles between the 3rd~6th national curriculum, 'process of human development' broadens its initial focuses on infancy and the preschool period to every scope of human development after the 5th national curriculum. 'Parenting and parental role' continues to stress parental roles and duties plus childcare for infants and preschoolers. In 'understanding of family and family transition,' national curriculums show the biggest difference in family perspectives subject to social change, and later national curriculums feature various family types recently on the rise. In 'marriage and family development,' initial national curriculums construe marriage as a necessity, whereas later national curriculums emphasize it as a matter of choice intertwined with mature love and responsibility. With coming under spotlight in recent national curriculum, 'family relationship and issues' highlights communication and family views based on gender equality for family unity. 'Family well-being' constitutes a pivotal part in the 2007 revised national curriculum, and it has recently emerged as the hottest issue in the family area as it presents lifelong welfare.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.276-280
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the ideal beginning date of plastic house optimum heating for off-season (December) production of asparagus. To achieve this, the 1.6-year-old 'Green tower' asparagus was cultivated in Jeju area ($33^{\circ}$28.110N, $126^{\circ}$31.076E) and the yield and quality among 7 different beginning dates of heating from Oct. 25 to Jan. 20 with 15-days interval were compared. The heating was controlled to maintain the inside temperature was higher than $20^{\circ}C$, But the plastic house was ventilated when the inside temperature rose to $30^{\circ}C$. Days to sprouting took longer as heating dates were delayed. Days to sprouting took 52 days in heating at December 30, and the days were shortened thereafter. As the beginning of heating was delayed, sprouting of asparagus was retarded. Among treatments, days to sprouting was 52 days and longest when the heating began on December 30. When the heating began on October 25, harvest was earliest and started on 7 November. When the heating began on November 15 and 30, harvest started on November 30 and December 18, respectively. Harvesting started on November 7 for October 25 heating, November 30 for Nov. 15 heating, and December 18 for November 30 heating, respectively. When the heating began was done after December. 15, harvesting was possible after early January. The number of spear, spear weight and yield were highly increased in the treatments of heating after January. 10 when the asparagus dormancy was broken. In the case of heating dates were before the asparagus dormancy breaking, the total yield was highest in November 15 heating with 607 kg/10a. The marketable yield of November 15 heating was 386kg/10a, which was twice higher than the 193 kg/10a of October 25 heating. Accordingly, it is recommended to start heating on November 15 for the production of off-season (December) asparagus in Jeju. Therefore, the optimum heating date to start was November 15 for the improvement of quality and yield of off-season (December) asparagus in Jeju area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.12-19
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• 2000

Knowledge for reflectance characteristic of interesting targets will provide us with actual application of remote sensing on agriculture. In this study, we have measured and analyzed reflectivity characteristics based on growing status from transplanting time to harvesting time. Rice paddies transplant into 3 fields at 20, May, 1999. Measurement of reflectivity characteristics were carried out with a portable spectroradiometer for frequencies from 300nm to 1100nm during the time period from 11:00 AM to 01:00 PM of clear sky and calm a day. The measurements for a day repeated 3 times(also, 3 times to each measurement)for reliable values. In result, we found that averaged reflectivity of visible range has about 2.34% - 2.55% in blue region(400nm-498nm), about 5.05% - 6.01% in green region(500nm-598nm) and about 4.21% - 5.24% in red region(600nm-698nm). It must be noted that the more rice canopy grows, the more spectral reflectivity decreases in visible region. Also, we separated infrared region into two cases - One case is increasing region with 700nm-780nm, the other is fixed region with 800nm-1100nm. Averaged reflectivity of these regions has about 22.3% - 23.0% in increasing region, about 29.4% - 33.1% in fixed region. It must be noted that more rice canopy grows, the more spectral reflectivity also increases up to 23, Aug. in infrared region. After 23, Aug, the reflectivity has a tendency toward decrease.