• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.491-506
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• 2019

Literature regarding concrete walls reinforced by super elastic shape memory alloy (SMA) bars is rather limited. The seismic behavior of a system concurrently including a distinct steel reinforced concrete (RC) wall, as well as another wall reinforced by super elastic SMA at the first story, and steel rebar at upper stories, would be an interesting matter. In this paper, the seismic response of such a COMBINED system is compared to a conventional system with steel RC concrete walls (STEEL-Rein.) and also to a wall system with SMA rebar at the first story and steel rebar at other stories ( SMA-Rein.). Nonlinear time history analysis at maximum considered earthquake (MCE) and design bases earthquake (DBE) levels is conducted and the main responses like maximum inter-story drift ratio and residual inter-story drift ratio are investigated. Furthermore, incremental dynamic analysis is used to accomplish probabilistic seismic studies by creating fragility curves. Results demonstrated that the SMA-Rein. system, subjected to DBE and MCE ground motions, has almost zero and 0.27% residual maximum inter-story drifts, while the values for the COMBINED system are 0.25% and 0.51%. Furthermore, fragility curves show that using SMA rebar at the base of all walls causes a larger probability of exceedance 3% inter-story drift limit state compared to the COMBINED system. Static push over analysis demonstrated that the strength of the COMBINED model is almost 0.35% larger than that of the two other models, and its general post-yielding stiffness is also approximately twice the corresponding stiffness of the two other models.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.1382-1393
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• 2022

This paper investigates the seismic behavior of an electrical cabinet considering the influence of equipment-anchor-interaction (EAI) that is generally not taken into consideration in a decoupled analysis. The hysteresis behavior of an anchor bolt in concrete was thereby considered to highlight this interaction effect. To this end, the experimental behavior of an anchor bolt under reversed cyclic loading was taken from the recently developed literature, and a numerical model for the anchor hysteresis was developed using the component approach. The hysteresis properties were then used to calibrate the multi-linear link element that is implemented as a boundary condition for the cabinet incorporating the EAI. To highlight this EAI further, the nonlinear time history analysis was performed for a cabinet considering the hysteresis behavior comparative to a fixed boundary condition. Additionally, the influence on the seismic fragility was evaluated for the operational and structural condition of the cabinet. The numerical analysis considering the anchor hysteresis manifests that the in-cabinet response spectra (ICRS) are significantly amplified with the corresponding reduction in the seismic capacity of 25% and 15% for an operational and structural safety condition under the selected protocols. Considering the fixed boundary condition over a realistic hysteresis behavior of the anchor bolt is more likely to overestimate the seismic capacity of the cabinet in a seismic qualification procedure.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1339-1344
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• 2010

모달중첩법은 구조물의 진동특성을 고려하여 내구수명을 평가할 수 있는 내구해석 기법이다. 본 논문에서는 모달중첩법과 유사하면서도 다물체 동역학 해석시 모달좌표를 직접 계산하여 전체적인 해석시간을 줄일 수 있는 모달응력 회복법을 이용한 내구해석 기법의 타당성에 대하여 검토하였다. 이를 위해 자동차 부품 중 대표적으로 동특성을 고려해야 하는 토션빔 액슬에 대하여 모달응력 회복법을 이용한 내구해석 및 시험을 실시하였다. 해석결과는 시험결과와 취약위치, 내구수명 등이 양호한 일치 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 모달응력 회복법을 이용한 내구해석 기법은 다양한 구조물의 동특성을 반영한 내구수명 평가에 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.3378-3393
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• 2014

We have witnessed the rapid development of information technology in recent years. One of the key phenomena is the fast, near-exponential increase of data. Consequently, most of the traditional data classification methods fail to meet the dynamic and real-time demands of today's data processing and analyzing needs--especially for continuous data streams. This paper proposes an improved incremental learning algorithm for a large-scale data stream, which is based on SVM (Support Vector Machine) and is named DS-IILS. The DS-IILS takes the load condition of the entire system and the node performance into consideration to improve efficiency. The threshold of the distance to the optimal separating hyperplane is given in the DS-IILS algorithm. The samples of the history sample set and the incremental sample set that are within the scope of the threshold are all reserved. These reserved samples are treated as the training sample set. To design a more accurate classifier, the effects of the data volumes of the history sample set and the incremental sample set are handled by weighted processing. Finally, the algorithm is implemented in a cloud computing system and is applied to study user behaviors. The results of the experiment are provided and compared with other incremental learning algorithms. The results show that the DS-IILS can improve training efficiency and guarantee relatively high classification accuracy at the same time, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 스카이브릿지 설치위치 및 연결된 구조물의 고유진동주기 차이에 따른 전체 구조물의 진동제어 효과를 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 스카이브릿지로 연결된 40층과 50층 구조물을 예제 구조물로 사용하였고, 등가모형화기법을 이용하여 예제 모델을 구성하였다. El Centro 및 Taft 지진을 사용하여 경계비선형 시간이력해석을 수행하였고 구조물의 동적거동과 진동제어 효과를 분석하였다. 해석결과 변위응답은 스카이브릿지를 상부층에 설치할수록 더 효과적으로 제어할 수 있었고 가속도응답은 구조물의 중간층부근에 설치할 때 더 효과적으로 저감시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2009

2방향 중공슬래브 시스템은 슬래브 두께가 증가해도 자중은 크게 증가하지 않으면서 솔리드 슬래브에 비해서 휨강성이 크게 저하되지 않는 장점이 있다. 따라서 최근 넓은 바닥판 구조에 대한 수요가 커지면서 2방향 중공슬래브 시스템에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 장스팬 구조의 경우 바닥판 진동의 증가에 의한 사용성에 문제가 발생할 수 있고 특히 2방향 중공슬래브의 경우 기존의 구조시스템과 동적특성이 상이하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존의 라멘조 시스템과 2방향 중공슬래브 시스템의 바닥진동성능을 보행하중을 가하여 검토해 보았다. 본 연구에서는 해석의 효율성을 위하여 2방향 중공슬래브의 동적특성을 정확히 나타낼 수 있는 등가의 플레이트 모델을 사용하여 시간이력해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과를 바탕으로 일본건축학회와 미국표준협회에서 제안하는 진동성능평가 기준을 이용하여 진동성능 평가를 수행한 결과 2방향 중공슬래브가 사무실 수준의 진동성능을 만족하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.289-301
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• 2023

Developing a competent soil-bridge interaction model for the seismic analysis of piled foundation bridges is of utmost importance for investigating the seismic response and assessing fragility of these lifeline structures. To this end, ground motion histories are deemed necessary at various depths along the piles supporting the bridge. This may be effectively accomplished through time history analysis of a free-field standalone soil column extending from bedrock level to ground surface subjected to an input bedrock motion at its base. A one-dimensional site/ground response analysis (vide one-directional shear wave propagation through the soil column) is hence conducted in the present research accounting for the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the soil stratum encompassing the bridge piled foundation. Two homogeneous soil profiles atop of bedrock have been considered for comparison purposes, namely, loose and dense sand. Analysis of the standalone soil column has been performed under a set of ten selected actual bedrock ground motions adopting a nonlinear time domain approach in an incremental dynamic analysis framework. Amplified retrieved PGA and maximum soil shear strains have been generally observed at various depths of the soil column when moving away from bedrock towards ground surface especially at large hazards associated with high (input) PGA values assigned at bedrock. This has been accompanied, however, by some attenuation of the amplified PGA values at shallower depths and at ground surface especially for the loose sand soil and particularly for cases with higher seismic hazards associated with large scaling factors of bedrock records.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Inelastic static pushover analysis has been used in the academic-research widely for seismic analysis of structures. Nowadays, the variety pushover analysis methods have been developed, including Modal pushover, Adaptive pushover, and Cyclic pushover, in which some weaknesses of the conventional pushover method have been rectified. In the conventional pushover analysis method, the effects of cumulative growth of cracks are not considered on the reduction of strength and stiffness of RC members that occur during earthquake or cyclic loading. Therefore, the Cyclic Pushover Analysis Method (CPA) has been proposed. This method is a powerful technique for seismic evaluation of regular reinforced concrete buildings in which the first mode of them is dominant. Since the bridges have different structures than buildings, their results cannot necessarily be attributed to bridges, and more research is needed. In this study, a cyclic pushover analysis with four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) by the Opensees software was conducted for seismic evaluation of two regular reinforce concrete bridges. The modeling method was validated with the comparison of the analytical and experimental results under both cyclic and dynamic loading. The failure mode of the piers was considered in two-mode of flexural failure and also a flexural-shear failure. Along with the cyclic analysis, conventional analysis has been studied. Also, the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. The time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used to conduct IDA. After analysis, the base shear vs. displacement in the middle of the deck was drawn. The obtained results show that the cyclic pushover analysis method is able to evaluate an accurate seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete piers of the bridges. Based on the results, the cyclic pushover has proper convergence with IDA. Its accuracy was much higher than the conventional pushover, in which the bridge piers failed in flexural-shear mode. But, in the flexural failure mode, the results of each two pushover methods were close approximately. Besides, the cyclic pushover method with ACI loading protocol, and ATC-24 loading protocol, can provided more accurate results for evaluating the seismic investigation of the bridges, specially if the bridge piers are failed in flexural-shear failure mode.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제76권6호
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• pp.751-763
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• 2020

Available records of recent earthquakes show that near-field earthquakes have different characteristics than far-field earthquakes. In general, most of these unique characteristics of near-fault records can be attributed to their forward directivity. This phenomenon causes the records of ground motion normal to the fault to entail pulses with long periods in the velocity time history. The energy of the earthquake is almost accumulated in these pulses causing large displacements and, accordingly, severe damages in the building. Damage to structures caused by past earthquakes raises the need to assess the chance of future earthquake damage. There are a variety of methods to evaluate building seismic vulnerabilities with different computational cost and accuracy. In the meantime, fragility curves, which defines the possibility of structural damage as a function of ground motion characteristics and design parameters, are more common. These curves express the percentage of probability that the structural response will exceed the allowable performance limit at different seismic intensities. This study aims to obtain the fragility curve for low- and mid-rise structures of reinforced concrete moment frames by incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). These frames were exposed to an ensemble of 18 ground motions (nine records near-faults and nine records far-faults). Finally, after the analysis, their fragility curves are obtained using the limit states provided by HAZUS-MH 2.1. The result shows the near-fault earthquakes can drastically influence the fragility curves of the 6-story building while it has a minimal impact on those of the 3-story building.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.515-530
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• 2021

In a tall reinforced concrete (RC) core wall system subjected to strong ground motions, inelastic behavior near the base as well as mid-height of the wall is possible. Generally, the formation of plastic hinge in a core wall system may lead to extensive damage and significant repairing cost. A new configuration of core structures consisting of buckling restrained braced frames (BRBFs) and RC walls is an interesting idea in tall building seismic design. This concept can be used in the plan configuration of tall core wall systems. In this study, tall buildings with different configurations of combined core systems were designed and analyzed. Nonlinear time history analysis at severe earthquake level was performed and the results were compared for different configurations. The results demonstrate that using enough BRBFs can reduce the large curvature ductility demand at the base and mid-height of RC core wall systems and also can reduce the maximum inter-story drift ratio. For a better investigation of the structural behavior, the probabilistic approach can lead to in-depth insight. Therefore, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) curves were calculated to assess the performance. Fragility curves at different limit states were then extracted and compared. Mean IDA curves demonstrate better behavior for a combined system, compared with conventional RC core wall systems. Collapse margin ratio for a RC core wall only system and RC core with enough BRBFs were almost 1.05 and 1.92 respectively. Therefore, it appears that using one RC core wall combined with enough BRBF core is an effective idea to achieve more confidence against tall building collapse and the results demonstrated the potential of the proposed system.