• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the microleakage in class II cavity resin restorations used with resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) lining material depending on two different applying methods; classical delivery method using a dental explorer and a specially designed rotating bur. Materials and Methods: A total thirty-six extracted teeth were prepared with a class II proximal box, and randomly divided into three groups: 1) control group with no lining added and the proximal box restored (Group I), 2) the second group used RMGI as a lining material which was spread with an explorer (Group II), 3) the third group used a specially designed rotating bur to thin out RMGI (Group III). All teeth were restored with the same manner using incrementally placed resin composite. All 36 teeth were prepared and sectioned for the dye penetration test, and observed with a stereomicroscope for scoring the dye penetration. Results: When RMGI liners were used, both groups using an explorer and the special bur with the liner had significantly less microleakage than the control group with no liner (P < 0.05). The 50% of the group with RMGI liner using the bur showed no microleakage under a dye penetration test whereas all the teeth in control group showed microleakage of different degrees. However, there was no statistically significant difference between Group II and Group III. Conclusion: RMGI is an effective lining material to decrease microleakage in class II composite resin restorations regardless of applying methods.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2004

This study evaluated the marginal microleakage of five single step adhesives. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of the single step adhesives and composite resins：Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), AQ Bond/Metafil CX (Group 2), One-Up Bond F/Palfique Toughwell (Group 3). Futurabond/Admira (Group 4), Xeno III/Spectrum TPH (Group 5). The restored teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye solution. The teeth were bisected buccolingually and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of this study were as follows：1. Microleakage of enamel margins in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 1, 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 2. Microleakage of dentin margins in group 1 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 5, and that in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 3. Dentin marginal microleakage was higher than enamel marginal microleakage in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Prompt L-Pop showed the least leakage at enamel margin, and AQ Bond showed at dentin margin in this study. Marginal miroleakage in dentin was higher than that in enamel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.166-179
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• 1999

Apical sealing is essential for the success of surgical endodontic treatment. Root-end cavity is apt to be contaminated with moisture or blood, and is not always easy to be dried completely. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of dry methods of retrocavity on the apical seal in endodontic surgery. Apical seal was investigated through the evaluation of apical leakage and adaptation of filling material over the cavity wall. To investigate the influence of various dry methods on the apical leakage, 125 palatal roots of extracted human maxillary molar teeth were used. The clinical crown of each tooth was removed at 10 mm from the root apex using a slow-speed diamond saw and water spray. Root canals of the all the specimens were prepared with step-back technique and filled with gutta-percha by lateral condensation method. After removing of the coronal 2 mm of filling material, the access cavities were closed with Cavit$^{(R)}$. Two coats of nail polish were applied to the external surface of each root. Apical three millimeters of each root was resected perpendicular to the long axis of the root with a diamond saw. Class I retrograde cavities were prepared with ultrasonic instruments. Retrocavities were washed with physiologic saline solution and dried with various methods or contaminated with human blood. Retrocavities were filled either with IRM, Super EBA or composite resin. All the specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 7 days in an incubator at $37^{\circ}C$. The teeth were dissolved in 14 ml of 35% nitric acid solution and the dye present within the root canal system was returned to solution. The leakage of dye was quantitatively measured via spectrophotometric method. The obtained data were analysed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. To evaluate the influence of various dry methods on the adaptation of filling material over the cavity wall, 12 palatal roots of extracted human maxillary molar teeth were used. After all the roots were prepared and filled, and retrograde cavities were made and filled as above, roots were sectioned longitudinally. Filling-dentin interface of cut surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Cavities dried with paper point or compressed air showed less leakage than those dried with cotton pellet in Super EBA filled cavity (p<0.05). However, there was no difference between paper point- and compressed air-dried cavities. 2. When cavities were dried with compressed air, dentin-bonded composite resin-filled cavities showed less apical leakage than IRM- or Super EBA-filled ones (p<0.05). 3. Regardless of the filling material, cavities contaminated with human blood showed significantly more apical leakage than those dried with compressed air after saline irrigation (p<0.05). 4. Outer half of the cavity showed larger dentin-filling interface gap than inner half did when cavities were filled with IRM or Super EBA. 5. In all the filling material groups, cavities contaminated with blood or dried with cotton pellets only showed larger defects at the base of the cavity than ones dried with paper points or compressed air.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.396-396
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• 2012

$TiO_2$ anatase nanotube arrays (NTAs) were grown by electrochemical anodization and followed annealing of Ti foil. Ethylene glycol/$NH_4F$-based organic electrolyte was used for electrolyte solution and using second anodization process to obtain free-standing NTAs. After obtaining NTAs, ITO film was deposited by sputtering process on bottom of NTAs. UV-curable NOA was used for attach free-standing NTAs on flexible plastic substrate (PEN). Solid state electrolyte (spiro-OMeTAD) was coated via spin-coating method on top of attached NTAs. Ag was deposited as a counter electrode. Under AM 1.5 simulated sunlight, optical characteristics of devices were investigated. In order to use flexible polymer substrate, processes have to be conducted at low temperature. In case of $TiO_2$ nano particles (NPs), however, crystallization of NPs at high temperature above $450^{\circ}C$ is required. Because NTAs were conducted high temperature annealing process before NTAs transfer to PEN, it is favorable for using PEN as flexible substrate. Fabricated flexible solid-state DSSCs make possible the preventing of liquid electrolyte corrosion and leakage, various application.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 1987

In order to investigate experimentally the clinical effects of Chungsimjeongchun-Tang that have been widely used for cardiac asthma, dyspnea and coughs secondary to the appoplexy and cardiac diseases, the water extract of Chungsimjeongchun-Tang was conducted to the effects on the anti-histamine action and respiratory system in mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits and cats. The following results of Chungsimieongchun-Tang were obtained. Spontaneous motility of the isolated ileum of mice and rabbits was strongly suppressed and contractions of the isolated ileum of mice and guinea-pigs induced by acetylcholine chloride, barium chloride and histamine were remarkably inhibited. Anti-histamine action was noted. Antitussive action on the mechanically irritative cough in cats was recognized. Expectorant action on the leakage of dye in the respiratory tract of rabbits was also shown.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.169-174
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• 1988

Thoracic esophageal rupture caused by blunt trauma is often not recognized until late because of the vague symptoms in the initial state as well as its rare incidence, which can easily lead to fulminant mediastinitis with frequent fatal outcome. Once extensive mediastinitis occurs, the primary surgical repair of the esophageal tear is considered to be practically impossible. Various methods have been proposed for the management of these desperately ill patients, but no one provides an acceptable good result yet. The purpose of this article is to report the successful result obtained in the treatment of a patient with fulminant mediastinitis from traumatic esophageal rupture by continuous transesophageal irrigation. A 27 year-old male patient was brought to the emergency room of our hospital complaining of dyspnea and chest pain after blunt trauma. The diagnosis of esophageal rupture in the thorax was made late, about 46 hours after the initial injury, when mediastinitis had already progressed. The transesophageal irrigation method was immediately instituted which consisted of profuse transesophageal irrigation of the mediastinum with orally ingested fluid and/or by Levin tube, positioned proximal to the site of the rupture, and drainage of the irrigation fluid by thoracoscopically accurately positioned chest tubes connected to a well suctioning system. With subsiding inflammatory signs and symptoms, the esophagogram, obtained 54 days after the treatment, showed no evidence of the mediastinal leakage of contrast material which contrasted previous esophagograms with definitive dye collections in the mediastinum. Additional endoscopic finding confirmed complete healing of the esophageal mucosa, previously ruptured. He has been followed up without any problem until recently, 6 months after discharge.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.270-276
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• 2002

치근단 수술시 구동형 수술현미경과 미세수술기구들이 사용됨에 따라 치근단 절제술 후 역충전와동의 효과적인 형성 및 충전을 위해 새로운 초음파기구가 개발되었다 따라서 본 연구에서는 최근 상품화되어 사용되고 있는 초음파기구중 신속하게 역충전와동을 형성할 뿐아니라 충분한 깊이를 제공하여 역충전재료의 변연누출 감소에 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있는 3종의 초음파기구를 사용하여 역 충전와동을 형성 한 후 SuperEBA로 충전하여 그 변연누출을 비교하였다. 모두 56개의 근첨형성이 완료된 단근치를 선택하여 Profile .06를 사용하여 근관형성한 후 음성대조군 2개를 제외한 54개의 치아를 수직가압법으로 충전하였다. 근단부 3mm를 절제한 뒤 KaVo Isthmus, KaVo T-shape 그리고 KiS tip을 각각 18개의 치아에 사용하여 역충전와동을 형성하고 그중 각각 2개의 양성대조군 치아를 제외한 나머지 치아에 SuperEBA로 충전하였다. 각치아는 1% methylene blue dye에 침윤시켜 1주일 후 종절단하여 그 색소침투정도를 측정, 비교하였다. 실험결과 측정된 평균 변연누출은 KaVo Isthmus가 $1.5\pm$1.4mm, KaVo T-shape이 1.7$\pm$1.2mm이고 KiS tip은 1.1$\pm$0.7mm 이었으며, 통계적으로 유의할만한 차이는 없었다. 따라서 초음파기구를 사용한 역충전와동의 임상시술 성공여부는 술자의 편의도와 임상적 사용시 조작능력에 달려 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.492-498
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate four different composite resins in vitro for microleakage in Class II box type restorations that have gingival margins apical to the cementoenamel junction. Forty caries free extracted human molars were used in this study. The Class II cavities were prepared 1.0mm below cementoenamel junction with a #701 carbide bur. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups, each group comprising 20 treated cavities according to adhesives and filling materials ; Group 1: Scotchbond Multipurpose/Z 100. Group 2: Ariston Liner/Ariston pHc, Group 3: One Step/Pyramid, Group 4: Prime & Bond NT/SureFil. To simulate the clinical situation during restoration placement, a restoration template was fabricated and composite resin was filled using a three sited light-curing incremental technique. The specimens were stored in the 100% humidity for 7 days prior to thermocycling. The specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours and then embeded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned mesiodistally with a diamond wheel saw. The degree of marginal leakage was scored under the stereomicroscope($\times$20) and the data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. (omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.269-277
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• 1998

This in vitro study compared the microleakage of 4 lining conditions when used with Gallium alloy GF II and Valiant PhD. Class V cavity was prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of 80 extracted human premolar & molar teeth with one margin in enamel and another in dentin. Before restoration, prepared cavities were applied to no-liner, cavity varnish, Scotchbond multipurpose, and Superbond D-liner II plus according to manufacture's instructions. The restored teeth were stored in saline for 1 week, then thermocycled for 100 times, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 1 day, sectioned, and observed using a light microscope. Following results were obtained. 1. The leakage value of Superbond-lined group showed significantly lower than that of nolined group on both margins of Valiant PhD(p<0.05). 2; There was no significant difference between the 4 lining conditions in Gallium alloy GF II (p>0.05). 3. When We make a comparison between Gallium alloy GF II and Valiant PhD under same lining conditions, the microleakage value of Gallium alloy GF II showed lower than that of Valiant PhD on occlusal & gingival margin(p<0.05) except for Superbond-lined group(p>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.321-338
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moistening and air-drying of acid conditioned dentin and enamel on the marginal microleakage. In this study, Class V cavity were prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of sixty extracted human premolars with cementum margin. These specimens were randomly devided into three groups and three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3) were applied to each group. The specimens in each group were subdevided into four groups (Wet/primed, Dry/primed, Wet/not primed, Dry/not primed) and the etched dentin and enamel surface were treated these four surface treatments prior to the placement of a bonding agent or adhesive. Wet/primed group was simply blot-dried with a damp facial tissue before primer placement ; Dry/primed group was air dried for 30 seconds before the placement of a primer ; Wet/not primed group and Dry/not primed group were not primed after blot dried and air dried for 30 seconds each group. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycle of thermal stress. Specimens were placed in a silver nitrate solution and then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration. The dye penetrations of the specimens were observed with a stereo microscope. The statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The aspects of silver ion penetration into the resin/dentin interface were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly lower leakage value than the cementum margin (p<0.05). 2. Regardless of various surface treatment and dentin adhesives, there was no significant difference at the enamel margins (p>0.05). 3. At the dentin margins, the leakage values of Dry/not primed group showed significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The leakage values of Wet/primed group showed significantly lower than that of the other groups, but, there was no significant difference between Wet group and Dry group. 4. There was no significantly difference between the dentin adhesives regarding the surface treatments in all groups(p>0.05). 5. On the backscatterd scanning electron microscopy observation, the penetration of the silver ion occured at the bonding resin/dentin interface. In the Wet/primed group, resindentin hybrid zone and resin penetration into the dentin was observed. The resin tags were compactively formed to a thickness of $3\sim4{\mu}m$ at the upper part of dentinal tubules. In the Dry/primed group, the thickness of the hybrid zone and the diameter, depth of the resin tags diminished. In the Non-primed groups, the hybrid zone was not identified and few resin tag was observed. There was the gap formation in the resin/dentin interface.