• 음성과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.43-53
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of eating a raw egg by professional or nonprofessional voice users on their voice quality and the duration of the effect. 20 professional voice users and 20 nonprofessional voice users participated in the experiment and they had gone through stroboscopy to have no vocal or laryngeal diseases. The voice exam was performed three times: before eating a raw egg (1st period), right after eating it (2nd period), and 10 minutes later (3rd period). By using Multi-dimensional Voice Program which is a software of Computerized Speech Lab 4500 as a voice analysis instrument, the authors checked the F0, Jitter, Shimmer, Noise to harmonic ratio (NHR), and Voice Range Profile (VRP). Results showed as follows: Firstly, vocal hygiene was good in 57.5% of the total subjects and was poor in 42.5%. 40% of professional voice users and 75% of nonprofessional voice users hand good quality. 77.5% of the total subjects had the vocal fatigue while 22.5% of the subjects did not. 95% of the professional voice users and 60% of nonprofessional voice users complained the vocal fatigue. 60% of the total subjects reported a subjective vocal symptom. 65.0% professional voice users and 70.0% of nonprofessional voice users reported a voice symptom. From the results above, we suggest that eating a raw egg may lead to imporve voice quality of the professional voice users.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 1996

Laparoscopic appendectomy is relatively well-established as an alternative to conventional open appendectomy by many laparoscopic surgeons. However, experience in the pediatric population remains limited. Over a period of 2 years, a total of 155 pediatric patients with acute appendicitis or complicated appendicitis were studied to compare laparoscopic and open appendectomies in childhood. Laparoscopic appendectomy was attempted in 49 patients and completed in 48 patients(98.0%). Open appendectomy was performed in 107 patients. The severity of disease, age, and male to female ratio were similar in both groups. The operation time was shorter in the laparoscopic group than open group but the difference was not significant statistically($43.7{\pm}11.3$ minutes versus $49.0{\pm}21.4$ minutes, p=0.066). In the laparoscopic group, the mean duration of surgery for the former half patients was significantly longer than for the latter half($49.6{\pm}9.2$ minutes versus $38.1{\pm}10.3$ minutes, p=0.001). The mean number of doses of analgesia required postoperatively was significantly less in patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy($2.4{\pm}1.8$ versus $3.3{\pm}2.5$, p=0.021). There were only 2(4.2%) wound infections after laparoscopic appendectomy compared with 10(9.3%) complications including 7 wound infections, 1 intestinal obstruction, and 2 pulmonary complications after open appendectomy, but the difference was not significant(p=0.614). Patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy had a shorter period of hospitalization($3.2{\pm}2.2$ days versus $6.4{\pm}1.6$ days. p=0.001). The present study suggests that laparoscopic appendectomy shortens operating time and hospital stay with diminished postoperative pain. Laparoscopic appendectomy in children offers advantages over open appendectomy as noted in adults. The authors consider laparoscopic appendectomy to be the reasonable alternative to open appendectomy in children.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 발현악기 물리적 모델링에서의 개선된 루프필터 설계 방법을 제안한다. V$\"{a}$lim$\"{a}$ki가 제안한 기존의 루프필터 설계 방법은 악기의 음이 오래 지속되는 경우에는 타당하지만, 그렇지 못한 경우에는 악기 음의 주파수 의존 감쇠를 표현하지 못하는 문제점이 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 녹음된 악기의 단위음에 대해 감쇠구간을 선택, 배음의 개수를 최소 5개부터 20개까지 변경하며 루프필터의 파라미터를 추정하고 이를 이용한 합성음과 원 신호 간 주파수 영역에서의 신호 대 잡음비가 가장 좋은 파라미터를 선택한다. 제안한 방법의 성능 검증을 위해 몸통의 구조와 현의 재질이 각각 다른 기타, 가야금, 거문고를 대상악기로 선정하였다. 제안한 방법은 배음의 지속시간에 상관없이 악기 음의 주파수 의존 감쇠를 잘 표현하는 루프필터 파라미터를 추정해 낼 수 있었다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.57-83
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• 2018

Purpose: This research has been carried out to find out correlation between test results of ABR-2000 and other diagnostic equipments to enhance significance of accurate diagnosis and clinical usage of ABR-2000. Methods: Duration of the 31 months from December 2012 to June 2015, records of 564 outpatients at gynecology department have been selected. The 564 patients were tested, using all 3 different test equipments of ABR-2000, DSOM, and 3D Blood Pressure Pulse Analyzer (3D-MAC) without test errors or mis-recordings. Correlation between 3D Blood pressure Pulse Analyzer, DSOM and ABR-2000 were analyzed by frequency & ratio factor of statistic data records of patients groups devided by 8 different disease symptom and by comparison of the groups in the form of Regulation and Graph presented on ABR-2000 equipment. Results: 1. The indicator L in all 1, 2, and 3 quadrant in the graph means the activity and reactivity of the upper body biodynamics detection rate is low and which result is very common symptom among gynecological patients. 2. The portion of patients with hypermenorrhea, endometritis, and menstrual pain symptom among the indicator L group in the reactivity 1-3 quadrantin is significantly high. 3. When 3D Mac analyzer indicates H, diastole decreases while systole increases and tachycardia increases then the blood circulation is expected to increase. In case of indication L, diastole increases and systole decreases then, the blood circulation is expected to decrease.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2004

The majority of esophageal Foreign body ingestions occur in the pediatric population. In adults, true foreign object ingestion occurs more commonly among those with psychiatric disorders, mental impairment. The management of esophageal foreign bodies is influenced by the age, clinical condition of ingested material, anatomic location and technical abilities of the endoscopist. Recently the therapeutic endoscopy is becoming wider and more rational in application. We evaluated the role of endoscopy for removal of esophageal foreign bodies during the period of 4 years from January 2000 to December 2003 at the Department of Otolaryngology and Gastroenterology, Seonam University Hospital. The results were as follow, 1) The age ranged from 21 to 74 years old (mean 50.5), most frequent age group was between 61-70 years old and male to female ratio was 1:1.4. 2) Fish bone was the most frequent foreign body in the esophagus ($47.1\%$), food material ($23.5\%$) and meats ($17.6\%$) were next frequent foreign bodies. The most frequent site of lodgement was the first ($78.4\%$), second ($17.6\%$) and third narrowing ($3.9\%$) in order. 3) The most common symptom was foreign body sensation (28.6%). the next common symptoms were chest discomfort($23.8\%$) and dysphagia($19\%$). 4) In duration of lodgement, 49cases ($96.1\%$) were lodged for less than one day. 5) The foreign bodies of esophagus were removed successfully by flexible endoscope with basket, snare, forceps, overtube and endoscopic variceal ligation cap. There were only 3 cases of minimal complications, esophageal mucosal tearing. In conclusion, endoscopic esophageal foreign body removal is useful and safe with minimal or no complications.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2006

To examine sediment characteristics and find anthropogenic effects on riverine wetland ecosystems, paleoecological study was carried out at Bam islands in Seoul. Three hundred cm deep sediment cores were retrieved and dated with the lamination analysis method until 36 cm depth (1986). Sediments were divided into three zones based on the depth profiles of physico-chemical variables: below 160 cm depth (before 1968), between 160 and 40cm depths and above 40cm depth (after 1986). Physico-chemical characteristics were very variable between 160 and 40cm depths and this indicates unstable sedimentation environment. Even though heavy metal concentrations were relatively low, Cd and As contents have increased continuously. Dry mass accumulation rates during $1968{\sim}1986\;and\;1987{\sim}2003$ were 140 and $21\;kg\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. This was related to flooding intensity and duration. Bulk density, water content, loss on ignition, N, C, C/N ratio were very similar to other river delta but Ca, Na and K contents were 2 to 4 times higher than others. Heavy metal contents except Pb were lower or similar to those in other studied marshes in Korea. Heavy metal and Mg contents were correlated with each other and this suggests that the source of heavy metals be parent rock. From $^{13}C$ dating dates of organic materials in sediment, it is suggested that organic matter originated from the watershed and flooding intensity in the watershed might be responsible for the source of sediments. This study provides reference data for the comparison of sediment characteristics at islands in river and for the management of Bam islands.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.39.1-39.11
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• 2020

Despite the vast literature on the effects of root canal irrigants on the dentin characteristics, the precise effects of clinically relevant irrigation sequences remain unclear. In this review, we systematically dissect the role of different sequential irrigation approaches that are used in clinical endodontics. Using a systematic search strategy, we attempt to answer the question: 'Which irrigating sequence has the most deleterious effects on dentin structure and properties?' The effect of irrigants on the dentin composition and mechanical properties have been reviewed. A wide variety of concentrations, duration and techniques have been employed to characterize the effects of chemicals on dentin properties, thus making it impossible to draw guidelines or recommendations of irrigant sequences to be followed clinically. It was apparent that all the studied irrigation sequences potentially result in some deleterious effects on dentin such as decrease in the flexural strength, microhardness, modulus of elasticity and inorganic content and organic-inorganic ratio of the dentin. However, the literature still lacks comprehensive investigations to compare the deleterious effect of different irrigation sequences, using a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods. Such investigations are essential to make clinical recommendations and strategize efforts to minimize chemically-induced damage to dentin characteristics.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2002

This paper presents the fabrication of polycrystalline thin film transistor(TFT) using sequential lateral solidification(SLS) of amorphous silicon. The fabricated SLS TFT showed high Performance suitable for active matrix liquid crystal display(AMLCD). The SLS process involves (1) a complete melting of selected area via irradiation through a patterned mask, and (2) a precisely controlled pulse translation of the sample with respect to the mask over a distance shorter than the super lateral growth(SLG) distance so that lateral growth extended over a number of iterative steps. The SLS experiment was performed with 550$\AA$ a-Si using 308nm XeCl laser having $2\mu\textrm{m}$ width. Irradiated laser energy density is 310mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and pulse duration time was 25ns. The translation distance was 0.6$\mu$m/pulse, 0.8$\mu$m/pulse respectively. As a result, a directly solidified grain was obtained. Thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on the poly-Si film made by SLS process. The characteristics of fabricated SLS p -type poly-Si TFT device with 2$\mu\textrm{m}$ channel width and 2$\mu\textrm{m}$ channel length showed the mobility of 115.5$\textrm{cm}^2$/V.s, the threshold voltage of -1.78V, subthreshold slope of 0.29V/dec, $I_{off}$ current of 7$\times$10$^{-l4}$A at $V_{DS}$ =-0.1V and $I_{on}$ / $I_{off}$ ratio of 2.4$\times$10$^{7}$ at $V_{DS}$ =-0.1V. As a result, SLS TFT showed superior characteristics to conventional poly-Si TFTs with identical geometry.y.y.y.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 1996

Previously, crystallization of a-Si:H films on glass substrates were limited to anneal temperature below 600.deg. C, over 10 hours to avoid glass shrinkage. Our study indicates that the crystallization is strongly influenced by anneal temperature and weakly affected by anneal duration time. Because of the high temperature process and nonconducting substrate requirements for poly-Si TFTs, the employed substrates were limited to quartz, sapphire, and oxidized Si wafer. We report on poly-Si TFT's using high temperature anneal on a Si:H/Mo structures. The metal Mo substrate was stable enough to allow 1000.deg. C anneal. A novel TFT fabrication was achieved by using part of the Mo substrate as drain and source ohmic contact electrode. The as-grown a-Si:H TFT was compared to anneal treated poly-Si TFT'S. Defect induced trap states of TFT's were examined using the thermally stimulated current (TSC) method. In some case, the poly-Si grain boundaries were passivated by hydrogen. A-SI:H and poly-Si TFT characteristics were investigated using an inverted staggered type TFT. The poly -Si films were achieved by various anneal techniques; isothermal, RTA, and excimer laser anneal. The TFT on as grown a-Si:H exhibited a low field effect mobility, transconductance, and high gate threshold voltage. Some films were annealed at temperatures from 200 to >$1000^{\circ}C$ The TFT on poly-Si showed an improved $I_on$$I_off$ ratio of $10_6$, reduced gate threshold voltage, and increased field effect mobility by three orders. Inverter operation was examined to verify logic circuit application using the poly Si TFTs.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2014

Background: To manage intractable cancer pain, an alternative to systemic analgesics is neuraxial analgesia. In long-term treatment, intrathecal administration could provide a more satisfactory pain relief with lower doses of analgesics and fewer side-effects than that of epidural administration. However, implantable drug delivery systems using intrathecal pumps in Korea are very expensive. Considering cost-effectiveness, we performed epidural analgesia as an alternative to intrathecal analgesia. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the efficacy, side effects, and complications of epidural morphine and local anesthetic administration through epidural catheters connected to a subcutaneous injection port in 29 Korean terminal cancer patients. Patient demographic data, the duration of epidural administration, preoperative numerical pain rating scales (NRS), side effects and complications related to the epidural catheterization and the drugs, and the numerical pain rating scales on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th postoperative days were determined from the medical records. Results: The average score for the numerical pain rating scales for the 29 patients decreased from $7{\pm}1.0$ at baseline to $3.6{\pm}1.4$ on postoperative day 1 (P < 0.001). A similar decrease in pain intensity was maintained for 30 days (P < 0.001). Nausea and vomiting were the most frequently reported side effects of the epidural analgesia and two patients (6.9%) experienced paresthesia. Conclusions: Epidural morphine and local anesthetic infusion with a subcutaneous pump seems to have an acceptable risk-benefit ratio and allows a high degree of autonomy to patients with cancer pain.