• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.1014-1023
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incorporating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and its processed form as an alternative source of protein to fish meal (FM) on the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. Four cannulated pigs with an initial bodyweight of 13.25 ± 0.25 kg and aged 30 days were subjected to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with three treatments, as well as a nitrogen-free treatment. The diets used for each treatment consisted of a FM diet, a diet containing BSF larvae meal (BSFM), and a diet containing extruded BSF (BSFE). The study was conducted over four stages, with a total duration of 28 days. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein was higher in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the AID of Arg, His, Leu, and Thr were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM and BSFE. A greater AID of Ile and Phe was observed in pigs in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. The average AA digestibility did not show any difference between treatments. Among non-essential AA, the AID of Ala (p = 0.054) and Glu (p = 0.064) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg, His, Ile, and Leu were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among non-essential AA, the SID of Cys (p = 0.074) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. In conclusion, the processing and thermal conditioning techniques utilized for BSF larvae meal showed a tendency for increased AA digestibility. Therefore, when formulating a diet, it is important to take into account the difference in AA digestibility between FM and BSFM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 1998

One growth trial and one digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of HP300, a commercially processed soybean meal product for weanling pigs. Dried whey, fish meal and/or full fat extruded soybeans (FFES) as well as portions of soybean meal (SBM) were replaced with HP300 in weanling pig diets. The objectives were to investigate the effects of HP300 on growth performance, digestibility, ileal amino acid digestibility and blood amino acid concentration in weanling pigs. One hundred and twenty crossbred $(Duroc{\times}Beijing\;Black{\times}Landrace)$ pigs weaned at 28 days of age were used in the growth trial. The pigs were randomly allocated to five treatments, with three pens per treatment and eight pigs per pen. The trial duration was 28 days. The control (CTRL) diet contained no HP300; in treatments 2, 3 and 4, dried whey and fish meal were replaced by 3.0%, 7.5% and 10.5% HP300; in treatment 5, full fat extruded soybeans were replaced by 10.5% HP300 plus soybean oil to attain the same metabolic energy content as FFES. Five T-cannulated barrows were used in a digestibility trial with a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design to determine nitrogen retention and amino acid ileal digestibility of HP300 used alone or mixed with other ingredients. The results indicated that replacement of dried whey, fish meal, full fat extruded soybeans and a part of the soybean meal with HP300 in piglet diets improved average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). There was a trend toward improved DM, crude protein and amino acid ileal digestibilities and improved protein and amino acid ileal digestibilities and improved protein net availability with the use of HP300 in swine diets.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 1999

As the elderly population has increased in the advanced countries, food intake, relationship of nutrient intake and disease has become major problem in the aged. To investigate the dietary behaviors and the preference of food of the elderly for developing meal planning, the study was conducted through survey questionnaires including 24-hr dietary recall, dietary behaviors, food preference and frequency of food intake to 352 elderly (104 male and 248 female) who were more than 60 years old and living in Seoul. Most of subjects ate three meals regulary and the most preferred taste was sweet and the less preferred taste was sour. Dietary behaviors according to educational level were shown that the skipping meal time and duration time of one meal were significant difference in educational level. Most of the elderly subjects like kimchi and soybean paste soup. The more educated elderly were preferred milk. The reason of dislike of milk was bad flavor and diarrhea. Most of them who graduated from university and high school selected fishes because of good for health primary, otherwise no educated, elementary school and middle school graduated elderly selected vegetables primary. Meats, fishes, seaweeds, mushrooms, fruits, milk and milk products, eggs and vegetables intakes of total elderly subjects were significantly positively related to educational level. With respect to milk and milk products intakes, cheese, yogurt (curd) and milk intake of elderly was significantly negatively related to age. Therefore education for developing desirable dietary behaviors and improving the meal patterns should be in forced to elderly, especially who had poor educational background in order to manage the meal planning and to care for their health in the later life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.690-703
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• 1997

The purpose of this study were to analyze work function and labor productivity in school foodservice systems through work sampling methodology. Conventional foodservice were classified into 5 group depending on the number of meals served. Commissary school foodservices were also classified into 5 group by cluster analysis using the number of meals served, the number of satellite schools, and the duration of time for delivery of food. Work measurement through work sampling methodology was conducted in at 5 conventional and 21 commissary food -services during 3 consecutive days from September to October in 1995. Results from work measurement through work sampling methodology were as followed : The most prevalent work functions was cleaning (26.5%) and then processing (25.1%) in conventional while it was processing (30.9%) and then cleaning(25.2%) in commissary school foodservice. Delay was 22.9% and 19.7% respectively. Mean labor minutes per meal of conventional and commissary foodservics were 4.57 and 4.09 minutes, respectively : no significant difference in labor minutes per meal existed between the two systems. but mean labor minutes per meal of commissary foodsevices(1.79min) was significantly lower than that of conventional foodservice(2.33min) during work time before service (p<0.05). Productivity was significantly lower in foodservices which served less than 400 servings ; n significant differences existed among 401-70, 701-1,100 and 1,101-1,500 meals. The highest productivity was in conventional school foodservices which served 1,501-1,900meals. Labor minutes per meal of commissary school foodservice which served less than 400meals per day was significantly lower than those of foodservice which served 401-1,900meals (p<0.05). Labor minutes per meal, preparation and cleaning were positively correlation in two school foodservice systems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1211-1218
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of age and gender (bull vs steer) on feeding behavior parameters in young beef cattle fed grass silage. Methods: The study was conducted on 180 young beef cattle at 7 to 18 mo of age. The experimental materials comprised 90 bulls produced by commercial crossing of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows with Charolais, Limousin and Hereford bulls (30 animals of each breed) and 90 steers of the same genotypes. The animals had ad libitum access to grass silage; the concentrate was fed separately, in feed stations. They received 28 g dry matter of concentrate per kg of metabolic body weight per day. Bunk visit data and silage intake for all experimental animals were recorded individually using the Roughage Intake Control system (5 feed bunks per 15 animals). Results: Age and gender (bull vs steer) exerted significant effects on the feeding behavior of young beef cattle. The frequency of bunk visits and meal frequency decreased, whereas the feeding rate of silage, and the average duration and size of a single meal increased with age (p<0.01). Bunk attendance and meal frequency were higher (p<0.01) in steers than in bulls (49.1 vs 37.4 visits/d, and 8.63 vs 7.99 meals/d, respectively). Daily feeding time was longer in steers than in bulls (102.3 vs 100.3 min/d, respectively), but the feeding rate of silage was lower in steers, and their meals were smaller in size and shorter in duration (p<0.01). Daily silage dry matter intake was higher (p<0.01) in bulls than in steers (4.62 vs 4.47 kg/d, respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that age and gender (bull vs steer) exerted significant effects on the feeding behavior of young beef cattle.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the difference of dietary compositions and environmental conditions on the growth and development of silkworm. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The more amount of soybean meal of diet was added, the more duration of the larval period was shortened. But Fifty percent increase of the amount of protein of diet leongthened the duration of larval period. 2. Fifth percent addition of the soybean meal to the diet does not influence the silkworm mortality, Whereas more than that gives rise to the adverse effect on the silkworm mortality. 3. The cocoon quality was significantly affected by the difference of dietary compesition. 4. In the environmental condition the duration of larval period was shortened in the high temperature and the dark condition. 5. The silkworm mortality was increased in the high temperature and the light condition. 6. The cocoon quality was significantly affected in the high temperature and the dark condition.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.598-605
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• 2009

This study was investigated to examine the dietary habits and satisfaction with a school lunch program for high school boys and girls. The survey was conducted on 416 students(208 boys and 208 girls) using questionnaire. Overall, 40.1% of the respondents reported that they skip breakfast, and more girls skipped breakfast than boys(p<0.05). The major reason for skipping meal was 'no enough time'(48.3%) and duration of meal appeared the highest ratio in '10~15 minutes'(51.7%) and boys having meal with 10 minutes were significantly higher than girls(p<0.001). When asked if they have an unbalanced diet, 58.8% responded "little bit do it but it depends on food". Vegetables were the foods most absent from an unbalanced diet. Additionally, 90% of all respondents takes a snack a day, and 21.5% of the respondents reported that snacks were the most preferable meals. In terms of a satisfaction with school meals, 70.6% of the respondents reported that they were "unsatisfied". Additionally, 43.5% of the students reported that they did not finish their soup. Moreover, 57.5% of the students reported that they were dissatisfied because that food was "not tasty". Based on the results of this study, the meal habits of the students were determined by various factors including gender. To ensure that boys and girls receive the proper nutrition, development of proper eating habits through school meals, nutrition education and a guidance during meal service should be achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 1999

Carbohydrate(CHO) counting is a meal planning approach used with diabetic patients that focuses on carbohydrate as the primary nutrient affecting post-prandial glycemic response. However, it has not been used in meal management of diabetic patients in Korea. CHO counting can be used by clients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to determine the barriers to utilize the CHO counting when three levels of CHO counting were educated to type 2 diabetic patients who started continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSⅡ) therapy by nutrition lectures and counseling. And the CHO-to-insulin ratios were determined for the individual patients who followed the carbohydrate counting as a meal management, and the factors to influence the CHO-to-insulin ratios were selected through the stepwise regression analysis. Twenty- four subjects were received three lectures, and one or two nutritional counseling for a month. The average age of the subjects was 50.7 years, and the duration of diabetes was 9.4 years. Their body mass index (BMI) was 21.5 kg/$m^2$. The difficulties of using CHO counting were 1) confusing the CHO exchange system to diabetic food exchange system, 2) lack of basic nutrition and not distinguishing nutrients such as CHO, fat and calorie, and 3) lack of motivation to make effort to count and record the amount of carbohydrates eaten. Nutritional counseling replenished the nutrition education and made patients practice CHO counting. Average CHO-to-insulin ratios at breakfast, lunch and dinner were 4.1$\pm$3.3, 2.9$\pm$2.6 and 2.9$\pm$3.0units/23g of CHO, respectively. CHO-to-insulin ratios were influenced by gender, age, BMI, post-prandial blood glucose levels and post-prandial c-peptide levels. The effective education and nutritional counseling of CHO counting can make CHO counting applicable to type 2 diabetic patients as meal management for improving glycemic control with less hypoglycemic episode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2017

Purpose: Breakfast is the most important meal to provide energy for the day. Breakfast is especially important to give enough nutritional support to children and adolescents for their physical growth and sexual development. Sleep-related factors like average sleep duration and wake up time would mostly be associated with regular breakfast. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep on regular breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents. Methods: The study used the data from the 12th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS-XII) conducted in 2016 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The data of 62,820 subjects (middle/high school students) were included in the final analysis. The study examined the factors related to regular breakfast, focusing on weekday average sleep duration and wake up time of middle school students and high school students, respectively. Results: Regular breakfast consumption was shown to have a statistically significant association with high economic status, nutritional education, weekday average sleep duration, wake up time, and subjective sleep satisfaction in the multivariate logistic regression. Regardless of the school level, regular breakfast consumption was significantly associated with early wake up time. As to the effect of weekday average sleep duration on regular breakfast consumption, it showed some different results depending on the school level. Conclusion: Regular breakfast consumption of Korean adolescents was related to weekday average sleep duration and wake up time. Having breakfast regularly was affected by both adequate weekday average sleep duration and early wake up time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1291-1296
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• 2003

Effects of feeding of 9.95 mg free gossypol/kg live weight through cottonseed meal (CSM) were studied in 20 intact male calves fed barley or sorghum as source of cereal during the experimental duration of 210 days. Serum concentration of total protein, albumin, globulin and their ratio did not vary because of protein (gossypol) or cereal sources. Serum level of cholesterol and urea were lower (p<0.05) in sorghum than barley fed calves. Feeding of gossypol through CSM enhanced (p<0.05) serum cholesterol. An interaction between protein and period was observed with respect to serum concentrations of urea, creatinine and alanine transferase. The levels of serum creatinine and alanine transferase increased (p<0.05) following 120 days of experimental feeding in calves fed CSM diets compared to the control animals fed groundnut meal diets. No effect of feeding gossypol was, however, evident on the serum enzymes viz. alanine and aspartate transferases and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, the source of cereal and protein did not appear to influence the metabolic profile of the calves. Humoral immune response, measured through antibody titre against Brucella abortus S99 innoculation, revealed a delayed and depressed seroreactivity indicative of immunocompromisation because of the phytotoxin gossypol. In conclusion, the feeding of gossypol at the designated levels, although had no deleterious clinico-biochemical manifestations, affected the humoral immune response of the calves.