• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.35-47
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• 2010

Objectives : To characterize the thermal properties of traditional warm needle and new warm needle with various air flows as an important environmental factor and to suggest the necessity of maintaining suitable environment of clinics to maximize their efficacy. Methods : We measured the temperature characteristics of traditional moxa warm needle and new moxa charcoal warm needle by applying an automatic temperature acquisition system with thermocouples while external various air flows were supplied. Temperatures of two positions at the needle body were measured while a moxa cone burned. Typical temperature characteristics like peak temperature, duration, curve shape and the efficiency of the heat stimuli by heat amount analysis were executed. Results : Both warm needles showed similar temperature curve with an increase in the air flow. Peak temperature and duration of effective heat decreased with the air flow, as shown in indirect moxibustion on garlic. The temperature change pattern by the air flow became more apparent when the total combustion heat was compared with the effective heat. The values from two positions on the needle body were significantly different, showing a distance dependency from the heat source of warm needle acupuncture. Conclusions : Thermal properties of warm needle acupuncture was observed variously with surrounding air flow of 0.0 - 0.7 m/s. It emphasized the importance of environmental control as well as the warm needle itself such as heat source and needle. The latter has already been known to deliver designated heat to subjects. It also indicated the importance of education and skill of the practitioners of warm needle acupuncture.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2000

Background: Peripheral nerve injury sometimes leads to chronic neuropathic pain such as causalgia. A subset of patients with causalgia have a sympathetically maintained pain which is often evoked by cooling stimuli. However, our knowledge on adrenergic receptor types responsible for cold-evoked pain that is sympathetically dependent is lacking. The present study was conducted to investigate subtypes of adrenoceptors involved in mediating cold-evoked pain that developed following peripheral nerve injury. Methods: Neuropathic surgery was performed by a unilateral ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves of rats. Behavioral sign of cold-evoked pain was examined for 5 min by measuring cumulative duration of time that the rat lifted its foot off a metal plate held at cold temperature ($5^{\circ}C$). Whether cold-evoked pain behavior was affected by antagonists of various subtypes of adrenoceptors, which were administered intraperitoneally before and after the ligation, was investigated. Results: After ligation, duration of foot lifting on the ligated side at cold temperature increased as compared to the pre-operative period. This increase maintained for the entire 40-day test period. Pretreatment with alpha-antagonist phentolamine produced a suppression of cold-evoked pain behavior that was not affected by beta-antagonist propranolol pretreatment. Prazosin, alpha-1 antagonist, suppressed cold- evoked pain behavior when treated either before or after nerve ligation. On the other hand, alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine was without effect on cold-evoked pain behavior whether it was treated before or after the ligation. Conclusions: The results suggest that peripheral nerve injury develops cold-evoked pain that is sympathetically dependent, and that alpha-1 adrenoreceptor plays a critical role for the generation of this type of pain in its initiation as well as maintenance.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2003

Although there is a wide range of diseases caused by gastric acid reflux and the number of cases is on the rise, it is difficult for the laryngologist to make the correct diagnosis. The treatment for laryngopharyngeal reflux can be grouped into 3 categories - changes in lifestyle, medication, and surgery. The medication used to treat laryngopharyngeal reflux are prokinetic agents and acid supressive agents such as antacids, H2 blockers, and PPIs(Proton pump inhibitor). Rabeprazole sodium($Pariet^{\circledR}$) is a newly developed agent belonging to the PPI group, but in contrast with the existing drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, has a low dependency on CYP2C19 during the metabolic cycle. Thus, it is known to have a quick but fixed antiacid effect and less individual differences. We analyzed 2166 patients from 32 hospitals who were prescribed $Pariet^{\circledR}$ from May, 2001 to April, 2002. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the duration of treatment - Group 1: 1-14 days, Group 2: 15-28 days, group 3: 29-56 days, Group 4: more than 56 days. The cases were then analyzed for improvement of 8 symptoms(heart bum, regurgitation, chronic cough, hoarseness, globus sensation, chronic throat clearing, sore throat, and dysphagia), improvement on laryngoscope, usefulness to the doctor, and complication development. Of the total of 2116 patients, 1627(75.1%) cases showed at least 50% improvement of symptoms and the amount of improvement increased according to the duration of medical treatment. Most of the patients showed objective improvement on the laryngoscope, with 32.9% showing significant improvement and 38.7% showing moderate improvement. 37.6% of the doctors questioned replied that $Pariet^{\circledR}$ was very useful and 50.3% said it was useful, showing that most were satisfied with the treatment results. The complications known to develop after taking PPI are headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, dizziness, fatigue, and of these, only a small percentage of the patients complained of mild headache. $Pariet^{\circledR}$ has shown to be a relatively safe and effective drug for the treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

Objective : Shunt-dependent chronic hydrocephalus (SDCH) is known to be a major complication associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Old age is known to be one of numerous factors related to the development of SDCH. This study investigated whether postoperative cisternal drainage affects the incidence of SDCH and clinical outcome in elderly patients with aSAH. Methods : Fifty-nine patients participated in this study. All patients underwent aneurysmal clipping with cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. Clinical variables relevant to the study included age, sex, location of ruptured aneurysm, CT finding and clinical state on admission, clinical outcome, and CSF drainage. We first divided patients into two groups according to age (<70 years of age and ${\geq}70$ years of age) and compared the two groups. Secondly, we analyzed variables to find factors associated with SDCH in both groups (<70 years of age and ${\geq}70$ years of age). Results : Of 59 patients, SDCH was observed in 20 patients (33.9 %), who underwent shunt placement for treatment of hydrocephalus. Forty seven percent of cases of acute hydrocephalus developed SDCH. In the elderly group (${\geq}70$ years of age), the duration and amount of CSF drainage did not affect the development of chronic hydrocephalus. Conclusion : In elderly patients, although the incidence of SDCH was significantly higher, clinical outcome was acceptable. The duration and the amount of cisternal drainage did not seem to be related to subsequent development of chronic hydrocephalus within elderly patients aged 70 or older.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.270-278
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare the anesthetic effects of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (TBE, $Avertin^{(R)}$) in ICR mice obtained from three different sources. TBE (2.5%) was intraperitoneally injected at three doses: high-dose group (500 mg/kg), intermediate-dose group (250 mg/kg), and low-dose group (125 mg/kg). Anesthesia time, recovery time, end-tidal peak $CO_2$ ($ETCO_2$), mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$), body temperature, pH, $PCO_2$, and $PO_2$ of the arterial blood were measured. Stable anesthesia was induced by all doses of TBE and the anesthesia time was maintained exhibited dose dependency. No significant differences in anesthetic duration were found among the three different strains. However, the anesthesia time was longer in female than in male mice, and the duration of anesthesia was significantly longer in female than in male mice in the high-dose group. The recovery time was significantly longer for female than male mice in the intermediate- and high-dose groups. In the ICR strains tested, there were no significant differences in the mean arterial blood pressure, $SPO_2$, arterial blood $PCO_2$, and $PO_2$, which decreased after TBE anesthesia, or in heart rate and $ETCO_2$, which increased after TBE anesthesia. In addition, body temperature, blood biochemical markers, and histopathological changes of the liver, kidney, and lung were not significantly changed by TBE anesthesia. These results suggested that ICR mice from different sources exhibited similar overall responses to a single exposure to TBE anesthesia. In conclusion, TBE is a useful drug that can induce similar anesthetic effects in three different strains of ICR mice.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2019

Silicate glasses with varying SiO₂ and Na₂O contents were prepared and their viscous flow property at the elevated temperature was studied. When the glass powders were packed and sintered at 550℃ to examine their feasibility as a low sintering temperature glass frit, contrary to expectations, glasses with lower SiO₂ content than 60 mol% showed no vitrification after sintering. High temperature microscopy revealed the viscous flow change of the silicate glasses with varying temperature and duration time and also indicated that the viscous flow was limited at low SiO₂ content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the sintered samples and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to shed light on the compositional dependency of viscous flow of silicate glasses.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.817-824
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• 2016

The introduction of natural dyes into modern dye houses is very promising green chemistry concept that should be popularized more to reduce the dependency of leather dyeing on some toxic and non-biodegradable synthetic dyes. In this study, the properties of dyeing of cochineal on cow leather were evaluated. The proper dyeing conditions were identified with dye uptake (K/S values) depending on the colorant concentration, dyeing duration, dyeing temperature, and dye bath pH. For the proper mordanting conditions, color changes for different mordants were observed as $La^{*}b^{*}$ and H V/C values. Color fastness (light, rubbing, and dry cleaning) was also examined. Additionally, antibacterial properties and UV protection were examined. The results were as follows: The optimized dyeing conditions were 300% o.w.f., $40^{\circ}C$, 40 min., and pH 5. The cow leather color was red in the absence of mordanting, while it was red purple after being mordanted with Al and Cu, and purple mordanted with Fe. The K/S value of cow leathers increased in the order of the dyeing using $AlK(SO_4)_2$ > $CuSO_4$ > $FeSO_4$. The colorfastness to light and rubbing were reduced compared to original (untreated) cow leather. However dry cleaning fastness was very satisfactory, with a 4~5 rating. The dyed and pre-mordanting dyed cow leather showed excellent antibacterial properties.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2007

This paper presents a refined design model for current railroad design code on concrete structures exposed to marine environment. A time-varying diffusion coefficient(D) as well as surface chloride$(C_S)$ and chloride threshold level$(C_{lim})$ are studied. Averaging value of the D with time over exposed duration were used to refined durability design model to consider time dependent characteristic of D. The values for $C_S$ and $C_{lim}$ for the seashore in Korea revised for realistic durability design. The proposed model was verified by the so-called performance-based durability design, which is widely used in recent durability design code. Results show that the current standard specification underestimates durability performances of concrete structures exposed to marine environment, so that the cover depth design using current durability evaluation in the standard specifications is very much conservative. Thus, it is found that proposed durability design models for the railroad design code for railway concrete structures can be used effectively for service life design of concrete structures in marine environment.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2013

Early ontogenic development in Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii was documented and the effects of different temperatures on embryonic and prelarval development were examined. Photograph-assisted data on morphogenesis in Siberian sturgeon prolarvae agreed well with published descriptions of their ontogeny and ecological behaviors, although certain aspects of differentiation, such as gill covering and scute development, could be rearing condition-sensitive. The present study provides the first characterization of the transient development of teeth during early larval stages; the pattern was congruent with the transition of prolarvae to exogenous feeding. From examinations of embryonic and prelarval development under different temperature conditions ($12-24^{\circ}C$), developmental speed was inversely related with temperature. Overall, hatchability was higher and hatching events were more synchronized at $20^{\circ}C$ than at lower temperatures. After hatching, similar patterns of temperature-dependency were observed in yolk sac absorption and the evacuation of the pigment plug. Our results suggest that the incubation of Siberian sturgeon embryos and prolarvae at temperatures close to $20^{\circ}C$ would be advantageous in hatcheries, based on reductions in the duration and uniformity of egg and prolarval developmental stages.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1991

For the observations of both the membrane properties and the excitability on the unfertilized eggs of female mice, changes of the membrane resistance and the membrane potential by hyerpolarizing current stimulation were recorded. As current-voltage relation was linear over the entire range (-180mV~+60mV), membrane resistance($R_m$) was calculated from the amplitude of electrotonic potential to a given stimulus current. Also the presence of anode-break excitation was confirmed. The results were as follows; 1. There was a linear relation between the membrane resistance and resting membrane potential, the expected input resistance was 61. 4M$\Omega$(resting membrane potential was $-18.9{\pm}8.7mV$, mean${\pm}$SD, n=30). 2. Transient depolarization with overshoot was generated just after hyperpolarizing current stimulus and showed the dependency of stimulus duration. 3. Transient depolarization lasted over 30ms, amplitude of these depolarization was increased by high $Ca^{{+}{+}}$(20mM) and inhibited by $Ca^{{+}{+}}$-antagonist, $Mn^{{+}{+}}$. 4. From the above results, it was suggested that the unfertilized mouse egg showed the characteristics of the excitable cell.