• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.81-97
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• 2003

In this paper, we suggest a method of robust watermarking for protection of multimedia data using the wavelet transform and artificial neural network. for the purpose of implementation, we decompose a original image using wavelet transform at level 3. After we classify transformed coefficients of other subbands using neural network except fur the lowest subband LL$_3$, we apply a calculated threshold about chosen cluster as the biggest. We used binary logo watermarks to make sure that it is true or not on behalf of the Gaussian Random Vector. Besides, we tested a method of dual watermark insertion and extraction. For the purpose of implementation, we decompose a original image using wavelet transform at level 3. After we classify transformed coefficients of other subbands using neural network except for the lowest subband LL$_3$, we apply a above mentioned watermark insert method. In the experimental results, we found that it has a good quality and robust about many attacks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.665-680
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• 1996

Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis는 수송열(輸送熱)로 일반적으로 알려져 있는 질병으로서, 여러가지 요인의 복합적(複合的)인 작용에 의해 발병하는 것으로 알려져 있으나, Pasteurella haemolytica A1이 가장 주요(主要)한 인자(因子)로 밝혀져 있다. P haemolytica A1은 leukotoxin(LKT), lipopolysaccharide(LPS), capsular polysaccharide 등 여러가지의 병원성인자(病原性因子)을 생성한다. 이들 인자중 LKT가 가장 중요한 병원성인자로 밝혀져 있다. 이에 본 실험은 P haemolytical A1의 LKT 유전자를 Bacillus subtilis에서 발현(發現)시킴으로서 LPS에 오염(汚染)되지 않은 LKT을 대량으로 생산할 목적으로 실시되었다. 실험의 첫 단계(段階)로서 pLKT52 plasmid을 Sau3 A1의 제한효소을 이용하여 부분소화(部分消化)시킨 후 이 부분 소화(消化)된 유전자들로부터 3~5kb 크기의 유전자들을 순수분리하여 pUC18와 결합시킨 후 E coli NM522에 형질전환(形質轉換)시켰다. 이때 형질전환된 균주들은 LKT에 대한 단크론 항체인 MAb601을 이용하여 colony blot 법에 의해서 LKT 유전자 보유 및 발현여부(發現與否)을 조사하였다. 이들 양성 clone들은 제한효소분석(制限酵素分析), 염기서열분석(鹽基序列分析) 및 Western blot 등에 의해서 재확인(再確認)하였다. 총 9개의 양성 clone중 위의 방법에 의해서 한 clone을 선택(選擇)하여 lktCA insert를 재분리하여 shuttle vector에 subcloning 하였다. Subcloning된 LKT 유전자들은 shuttle vector의 종류(種類)(pHPS9, p602/20, pHPS9-Sac)와 각기(各其) 다른 종류(種類)의 B subtilis(spoO12A, BR121, WB3O, Raj1105) 숙주내(宿主內)에서 발현정도를 Western blot 법에 의해서 비교(比較)하였다. 이때 최적발현조건(最適發現條件)은 p602/20와 pBL1의 dual plasmid system을 이용하여 B subtilis spoO12A에서 2시간동안 IPTG로 발현을 유도(誘導)하는 것이었다. B subtilis에서 발현된 LKT을 visual 법과 neutral red uptake 법을 이용하여 소 폐포(肺胞) 대식구(大食求)에 대한 biological activity를 확인하였다. 발현된 LKT에 대한 LPS 오염은 LKT을 SDS-PAGE 후 silver stain에 의해서 확인하였다. 본 실험을 통해서 볼 때에 lktCA 유전자를 보유(保有)하고 있는 p602/20는 B subtilis에서 매우 불안정(不安定)하였고, 발현된 LKT는 세균자체(細菌自體)에서 생성되는 protease들에 의해서 파괴(破壞)됨으로서 농도(濃度)가 매우 낮았다. 이러한 문제점들은 다음 단계(段階)의 실험에서 해결되어야할 문제들이다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.905-909
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• 2007

The dual-function protein redox factor-1 (Ref-1) is essential for base excision repair of oxidatively damaged DNA and also governs the activation of many redox-sensitive transcription factors. We examined the role of Ref-1 in regulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis employing adenoviral-mediatedoverexpression of Ref-1 in bradykinin-stimulated endothelial cells. Intracellular NO was detected with the NO-sensitive fluorophore DAF-2. Overexpression of Ref-1 potentiates bradykinin-stimulated NO production in endothelial cells. And, cells ifected with AdRef-1 showed higher fluorescence intensity compared with uninfected or AdD1312-infected cells. In parallel with this, over expression of Ref-1 also stimulated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzyme activity, compared with unifected or AdD1312-infected cells, in bradykinin-stimulated cells as well as in unstimulated cells. These results suggest that Ref-1 implicates in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation resulting from NO production in vascular system.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.62-69
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• 2022

EHA (Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator) is more energy efficiency than a centralized hydraulic system. In particular, the EHA used for aircraft has a redundant design in preparation for failure scenario. Also, due to the aircraft's internal space limitation, the actuator's length must be optimized. Therefore, a series configuration of double rod and single rod cylinder is advantageous. However, due to the asymmetry of the cross-sectional area of the piston, the force fighting phenomenon between the two cylinder areas occurs during redundant operation with a general control system. In this paper, the force fighting phenomenon of redundant EHA was simulated. A controller with load compensation and a force control-based position controller as a method to suppress its stimulation

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2004

The BLAST server for the mollusk was constructed on the basis of the Intel Server Platform SC-5250 dual Xeon 2.8 GHz cpu and Linux operating system. After establishing the operating system, we installed NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) WebBLAST package after web server configuration for cgi (common gate interface) (http://chimp.kribb.re.kr/mollusks). To build up the stand alone blast, we conducted as follows: First, we downloaded the genome information (mitochondria genome information), DNA sequences, amino acid sequences related with mollusk available at NCBI. Second, it was translated into the multifasta format that was stored as database by using the formatdb program provided by NCBI. Finally, the cgi was used for the Stand Alone Blast server. In addition, we have added the vector, Escherichia coli, and repeat sequences into the server to confirm a potential contamination. Finally, primer3 program is also installed for the users to design the primer. The stand alone BLAST gave us several advantages: (1) we can get only the data that agree with the nucleotide sequence directly related with the mollusks when we are searching BLAST; (2) it will be very convenient to confirm contamination when we made the cDNA or genomic library from mollusks; (3) Compared to the current NSBI, we can quickly get the BLAST results on the mollusks sequence information.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to measure backscattering coefficients of paddy rice using a L-, C-, and X-band scatterometer system with full polarization and various angles during the rice growth period and to relate backscattering coefficients to rice growth parameters. Radar backscattering measurements of paddy rice field using multifrequency (L, C, and X) and full polarization were conducted at an experimental field located in National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS), Suwon, Korea. The scatterometer system consists of dual-polarimetric square horn antennas, HP8720D vector network analyzer ($20\;MHz{\sim}20\;GHz$), RF cables, and a personal computer that controls frequency, polarization and data storage. The backscattering coefficients were calculated by applying radar equation for the measured at incidence angles between $20^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$ with $5^{\circ}$ interval for four polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH), respectively. We measured the temporal variations of backscattering coefficients of the rice crop at L-, C-, X-band during a rice growth period. In three bands, VV-polarized backscattering coefficients were higher than hh-polarized backscattering coefficients during rooting stage (mid-June) and HH-polarized backscattering coefficients were higher than VV-, HV/VH-polarized backscattering coefficients after panicle initiation stage (mid-July). Cross polarized backscattering coefficients in X-band increased towards the heading stage (mid-Aug) and thereafter saturated, again increased near the harvesting season. Backscattering coefficients of range at X-band were lower than that of L-, C-band. HH-, VV-polarized ${\sigma}^{\circ}$ steadily increased toward panicle initiation stage and thereafter decreased, and again increased near the harvesting season. We plotted the relationship between backscattering coefficients with L-, C-, X-band and rice growth parameters. Biomass was correlated with L-band hh-polarization at a large incident angle. LAI (Leaf Area Index) was highly correlated with C-band HH- and cross-polarizations. Grain weight was correlated with backscattering coefficients of X-band VV-polarization at a large incidence angle. X-band was sensitive to grain maturity during the post heading stage.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.429-431
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• 2014

Since we reported a BLAST server for the mollusk in 2004, no work has reported the usability or modification of the server. To improve its usability, the BLAST server for the mollusk has been updated as version II (http://www.malacol.or.kr/blast) in the present study. The database was constructed by using the Intel server Platform ZSS130 dual Xeon 3.20 GHz CPU and Linux CentOS system and with NCBI WebBLAST package. We downloaded the mollusk nucleotide, amino acid, EST, GSS and mitochondrial genome sequences which can be opened through NCBI web BLAST and used them to build up the database. The updated database consists of 520,977 nucleotide sequences, 229,857 amino acid sequences, 586,498 EST sequences, 23,112 GSS and 565 mitochondrial genome sequences. Total database size is 1.2 GB. Furthermore, we have added repeat sequences, Escherichia coli sequences and vector sequences to facilitate data validation. The newly updated BLAST server for the mollusk will be useful for many malacological researchers as it will save time to identify and study various molluscan genes.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1387-1401
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• 2016

When a closed access policy in which only an authorized user is allowed to access to a given base station (BS) has been employed in heterogeneous cellular networks, a macro-cell user is used to experience strong cross-tier interference from its adjacent small-cell BSs to which the user is not allowed to access. To mitigate this problem, it has been proposed that a small-cell BS employs a beamforming vector which is orthogonal to the channel of the victim user. However, this technique requires considerable mutual exchange of information among the macro-cell BS, the macro-cell user, and the small-cell BS. In this paper, we propose a cognitive beamforming scheme, in which a small-cell BS employs the beamforming orthogonal to the victim users' channel without any explicit mutual information exchange. Particularly, the small-cell BS finds small- and macro-cell users experiencing the co-tier and cross-tier interferences from it, respectively. Then, it employs a beamforming which is orthogonal to the victim users' channels to mitigate the co-tier and cross-tier interferences. Using the system-level simulation, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively mitigates the cross-tier interference problem.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.7-17
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to empirically explore micro and macroeconomic factors affecting the Pakistani sugar industries and searching the energy potential of this industry, through the survey of literature. The empirical part has been explored by employing Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger Causality tests and simultaneous equation models through quarterly data for the period of 1991q2-2008q4. The study also aims to devise policies for the development of sugar industries and identify its growing importance for the energy sector of Pakistan. Empirical tests applied on the domestic prices of sugar, domestic interest rates, and exchange rate, productive capacities of sugar mills, per capita income, world sugar prices on cultivable area and sugar production reveal very useful results. Results reveal an improvement of productive capacity of the sugar mills of Pakistan on account of increasing crushing capacity of this sector. Negative effect of rising wholesale prices on the harvesting area was also observed. Profit earnings of the sugar mills significantly increase with the rise of sugar prices but the system does not exist for the farming community to share the rising prices of sugar. The models indicate positive and significant effect of local prices of sugar on its volume of import. Another of the findings of this study positively relates the local sugar markets with the international prices of sugar. Additionally, the causality tests results reveal exchange rate, harvesting area and overall output of sugarcane to have significant effects on the local prices of sugar. Similarly, import of sugar, interest rate, per capita consumption of sugar, per capita national income and the international prices of sugar also significantly affect currency exchange rate of Pakistani rupee in terms of US$. The study also finds sugar as an essential and basic necessity of the Pakistani consumers. That is why there are no significant income and price effects on the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan. All the empirical methods reiterate the relationship of variables. Economic policy makers are recommended to improve governance and management in the production, stock taking, internal and external trading and distribution of sugar in Pakistan using bumper crop policies. Macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate per capita income and consumption are closely connected with the production and distribution of sugar in Pakistan. The cartelized role of the sugar industries should also be examined by further studies. There is need to further explore sugar sector of Pakistan with the perspective of energy generation through this sector; cartelized sugar markets in Pakistan and many more other dimensions of this sector. Exact appraisal of sugar industries for energy generation can be done appropriately by the experts from applied sciences.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.374-383
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• 2010

Microwave radar can penetrate cloud cover regardless of weather conditions and can be used day and night. Especially a ground-based polarimetric scatterometer has advantages of monitoring crop conditions continuously with full polarization and different frequencies. Kim et al. (2009) have measured backscattering coefficients of paddy rice using L-, C-, X-band scatterometer system with full polarization and various angles during the rice growth period and have revealed the necessity of near-continuous automatic measurement to eliminate the difficulties, inaccuracy and sparseness of data acquisitions arising from manual operation of the system. In this study, we constructed an X-band automatic scatterometer system, analyzed scattering characteristics of paddy rice from X-band scatterometer data and estimated rice growth parameter using backscattering coefficients in X-band. The system was installed inside a shelter in an experimental paddy field at the National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) before rice transplanting. The scatterometer system consists of X-band antennas, HP8720D vector network analyzer, RF cables and personal computer that controls frequency, polarization and data storage. This system using automatically measures fully-polarimetric backscattering coefficients of rice crop every 10 minutes. The backscattering coefficients were calculated from the measured data at a fixed incidence angle of $45^{\circ}$ and with full polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH) by applying the radar equation and compared with rice growth data such as plant height, stem number, fresh dry weight and Leaf Area Index (LAI) that were collected at the same time of each rice growth parameter. We examined the temporal behaviour of the backscattering coefficients of the rice crop at X-band during rice growth period. The HH-, VV-polarization backscattering coefficients steadily increased toward panicle initiation stage, thereafter decreased and again increased in early-September. We analyzed the relationships between backscattering coefficients in X-band and plant parameters and predicted the rice growth parameters using backscattering coefficients. It was confirmed that X-band is sensitive to grain maturity at near harvesting season.