• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.177-198
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• 2009

How are we approach the fourteenth chapter of Ulysses known as 'The Oxen of the Sun' in this globalized age of hyper-theorization? My paper argues that examining the wide reverberations set off by Derrida's comment in "Ulysses Gramophone"-"Everything has already happened to us with Ulysses"-in relation to the central textual theme of cosmopolitanism may provide a reading that not only pays due respect to the critical legacy of the early structuralist interpretations but equally takes into account the political sensibilities of our time. The neologism 'chaosmopolitanism,'in fact, serves as that very critical measure designed to bridge the gap separating the long tradition of Western Eurocentric discourse on cosmopolitanism on the one hand and the geopolitical background conditioning its discursive possibility, namely, the chaotic condition of international colonialism on the other, whose exemplary, and exemplarily creative, fusion bears none other name than Ulysses. But the idea of chaosmopolitanism gains its conceptual leverage on yet another, no less pivotal register, for, just as with Derrida's first-person plural pronoun, the trope leads us to reflect on our own situatedness in the East Asian region in light of Joyce's unabashedly universalist vision, whose over-arching textual purview nonetheless leaves the space called the Far East in the singular position of virtual exclusion. What does it then mean to enjoy Joyce's "chaffering allincluding most farraginous chronicle" in light of our East Asian perspective? To this second question, my inquiry turns to the dual theme of enjoyment and debt as they are problematized by Stephen Dedalus' telegram to Mulligan, which reads, "the sentimentalist is he who would enjoy without incurring the immense debtorship for a thing done." Itself a quotation from George Meredith's novel The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, the transcribed message invites us to reconsider the scrupulous endeavor underwriting Joyce's signatory gusto, but at the same time forcing us to confront and reassess our own debt to the problematic heritage known as Western literature or, to borrow Derrida's expression, Abrahamic language.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.11
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substrate color and interface distance on the color adjustment of 2 single-shade composites, Vittra APS Unique and Charisma Diamond One. Materials and Methods: Dual disc-shaped specimens were created using Vittra APS Unique or Charisma Diamond One as the center composite, surrounded by shaded composites (A1 or A3). Color measurements were taken with a spectrophotometer against a gray background, recording the color coordinates in the CIELAB color space. Illumination with a light-correcting device and image acquisition using a polarizing filter-equipped cell phone were performed on specimens over the same background. Image processing software was used to measure the color coordinates in the center and periphery of the inner composite and in the outer composite. The color data were then converted to CIELAB coordinates and adjusted using data from the spectrophotometer. Color differences (ΔE₀₀) between the center/periphery of single-shade and outer composites were calculated, along with color changes in single-shade composites caused by different outer composites. Color differences for the inner composites surrounded by A1 and A3 were also calculated. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: The results showed that color discrepancies were lowest near the interface and when the outer composite was whiter (A1). Additionally, Charisma Diamond One exhibited better color adjustment ability than Vittra APS Unique. Conclusions: Color discrepancies between the investigated single-shade composites diminished towards the interface with the surrounding composite, particularly when the latter exhibited a lighter shade.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2024

Global Navigation Satellite Systems are expected to meet system-defined integrity requirements when users utilize the system for safety critical applications. While the guaranteed integrity performance of GPS and Galileo is publicly available, their integrity assurance procedure and related methodology have not been released to the public in an official document format. This paper summarizes the integrity assurance procedures of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Galileo, which were utilized during their system development, through a literature survey of their integrity assurance methodology. GPS Block II assures system integrity using the following methods: continuous performance monitoring and maintenance on Space Segment (SS) and Control Segment (CS), through a cause and effect analysis of anomalies and a failure analysis. In GPS Block III, to achieve more stringent integrity performance, safety requirements are integrated into the system design and development from its starting phase to the final phase. Galileo's integrity performance is provided in the Integrity Support Message (ISM) format, as Galileo utilizes a Dual Frequency Multi Constellation (DFMC) Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) and Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) to serve safety critical applications. The integrity performance of Galileo is ensured by using a methodology similar to GPS Block II (i.e. continuous performance monitoring and maintenance on the system). The integrity assurance procedures reviewed in this paper can be utilized for a new satellite navigation system that will be developed in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.358-374
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• 2008

This study examines whether and how ages of child affect accessibility experiences of women and men differently. Space-time accessibility measures based on Time-geographic framework with activity-travel diary datasets in Portland Metro, US were calculated using GIS-based geocomputation, and spatial-temporal patterns of accessibility of dual-earner couples by ages of their youngest child were compared. The results are as follows. (1) Although more women than men work part-time, which would render women more spatial-temporal autonomy, accessibility levels of women are not higher than men's. It implies that there exists another constraint placed on women which largely stems from gender inequality. (2) It is distinctively women with child under age 6 of which accessibility spaces are found to be restricted doser to home compared to men. Women with no child or with child aged over 6, however, show more or less similar spatial-temporal patterns of accessibility with men's which are quite unvarying regardless of parental status and their child age. Women's accessibility experiences characterized by spatial-temporal entrapment, thus, can be seen as problems associated with gender rather than sex. (3) Intensified spatial-temporal entrapment of women with young child are associated with the significant spatial pegs shaping their accessibility spaces, which are located much closer to home compared to men's: workplaces and child's daycare centers.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.844-854
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• 2017

The Expansion-Deflection(E-D) nozzle is a nozzle that has a performance gain through the altitude compensation effect by changing the effective area within the nozzle according to the altitude. An E-D nozzle has been known to reduce the length of the nozzle and achieve the payload gain of the launch vehicle. Due to the potential advantages of an E-D nozzle, related research has been carried out in the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia and Europe etc. In the UK, the flow characteristics of the E-D nozzle and the performance comparison with the dual-bell nozzle which is altitude compensation nozzle were studied. In order to understand the transition characteristics of the E-D nozzle in DLR, the transition characteristics according to the nozzle pressure ratio change were analyzed. In Europe, numerical study using the E-D nozzle concept on upper stage of the launch vehicle Ariane 5 ESC-B was carried out to confirm the possibility of payload gain according to the nozzle length reduction. In this paper, research trends of an E-D nozzle performed outside the country are classified and analyzed according to their characteristics and utilized as basic data of E-D nozzle research in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2016

Large scale integrated circuits (LSIs) has been improved by the shrinkage of the circuit dimensions. The smaller chip sizes and increase in circuit density require the miniaturization of the line-width and space between metal interconnections. Therefore, an extreme precise control of the critical dimension and pattern profile is necessary to fabricate next generation nano-electronics devices. The pattern profile control of plasma etching with an accuracy of sub-nanometer must be achieved. To realize the etching process which achieves the problem, understanding of the etching mechanism and precise control of the process based on the real-time monitoring of internal plasma parameters such as etching species density, surface temperature of substrate, etc. are very important. For instance, it is known that the etched profiles of organic low dielectric (low-k) films are sensitive to the substrate temperature and density ratio of H and N atoms in the H2/N2 plasma [1]. In this study, we introduced a feedback control of actual substrate temperature and radical density ratio monitored in real time. And then the dependence of etch rates and profiles of organic films have been evaluated based on the substrate temperatures. In this study, organic low-k films were etched by a dual frequency capacitively coupled plasma employing the mixture of H2/N2 gases. A 100-MHz power was supplied to an upper electrode for plasma generation. The Si substrate was electrostatically chucked to a lower electrode biased by supplying a 2-MHz power. To investigate the effects of H and N radical on the etching profile of organic low-k films, absolute H and N atom densities were measured by vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy [2]. Moreover, using the optical fiber-type low-coherence interferometer [3], substrate temperature has been measured in real time during etching process. From the measurement results, the temperature raised rapidly just after plasma ignition and was gradually saturated. The temporal change of substrate temperature is a crucial issue to control of surface reactions of reactive species. Therefore, by the intervals of on-off of the plasma discharge, the substrate temperature was maintained within ${\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ from the set value. As a result, the temperatures were kept within $3^{\circ}C$ during the etching process. Then, we etched organic films with line-and-space pattern using this system. The cross-sections of the organic films etched for 50 s with the substrate temperatures at $20^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ were observed by SEM. From the results, they were different in the sidewall profile. It suggests that the reactions on the sidewalls changed according to the substrate temperature. The precise substrate temperature control method with real-time temperature monitoring and intermittent plasma generation was suggested to contribute on realization of fine pattern etching.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2017

Abstract It is necessary to verify the properties of an inertial measurement unit in the flight environment before applying to military applications. In this paper, we presented a new approach to verify an inertial measurement unit(IMU) in regard to the performance and the robustness in flight environments for the high-dynamics vehicle systems. We proposed two methods for verification of an IMU. We confirmed normal operation of an IMU and properties in flight environment by using direct comparison method. And we proposed real time multi-navigation system to complement the first method. The proposed method made it possible to compare navigation result at the same time. Therefore, it is easy to analyze the performance of an inertial navigation system and robustness during the vehicle flight. To verify the proposed method, we carried out a flight test as well as an experimental test of flight vibration on the ground. As a result of the experiment, we confirmed flight environment properties of an IMU. Therefore, we shows that the proposed method can serve the reliability improvement of IMU.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.505-518
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to review Post-Fordist urban economic theories that have tackled the recent changes of urban economies in large cities in the world since 1980s, so that we can conceptualise the changes of urban economies in Korean cities. In the perspective of the Post-Fordist urban economic theories, the recent changes of urban economies in the world are deeply related to the transformation of capitalist world economic system from Fordism to Post-Fordism. To see these changes which can be called as the new urbanization process in the economic aspect, we will focus especially such theories as new industrial space (district) theory based on the flexible specialization paradigm, informational city theory based on the information and communication mode paradigm, and cluster and regional innovation theory based on the institution and network paradigm. Also we will consider the social polarization process and dual city phenomena that have been observed for the most part of big cities in the world.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1994

It is generally known that the measurement of the ionospheric total electron content(TEC) by GPS can more accurately monitor the broader area of the ionosphere than other current methods. \Ve measured the TEC along a slant path considering the arrival time differences of P-code which is transmitted from GPS satellites with the modulation on two L-band carrier frequencies, L1 (1574.42MHz) and L2 (1227.60MHz). Under the assumptions that the ionosphere is uniformly distributed and its average height is 350km, we transformed the slant TEC to the vertical TEC at the point that the line-of-sight direction to GPS satellite cut across the average height of the ionosphere. Because there is no dual frequency P-code GPS receiver in Korea, we used the data observed at the TAIW GPS station ($N25^{\circ},E121.5^{\circ}$) in Taiwan which is one of the core stations in International GPS and Geodynamics Services (IGS). The TEC values obtained in this work showed a typical daily variation of the ionosphere which is high in the daytime and low in the nighttime. Our results are found to be consistent with the SOLAR-DAILY data of NOAA and the Klobuchar's model for the ionospheric correction of GPS. In addition, in the cornparision with SOLAR-DAILY data, we estimated the precision of our TEC measurement as 2 TEC.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.68.1-68.1
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• 2014

We present the results of far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations of comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) obtained with Far-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (FIMS) on board the Korean microsatellite STSAT-1, which operated at an altitude of 700 km in a sun-synchronous orbit. FIMS is a dual channel imaging spectrograph (S-channel 900-1150 ${\AA}$, L-channel 1350-1710 ${\AA}$, and ${\lambda}/{\Delta}{\lambda}$ ~ 550 for both channels) with large image fields of view (S-channel $4.0^{\circ}{\times}4.6^{\prime}$, L-channel $7.5^{\circ}{\times}4.3^{\prime}$, and angular resolution ~ $5-10^{\prime}$) optimized for the observation of diffuse emission of astrophysical radiation. Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) were made in two campaigns during its perihelion approach between May 8 and 15, 2004. Based on the scanning mode observations in the wavelength band of 1400-1700 ${\AA}$, we have constructed an image of the comet with an angular size of $5^{\circ}{\times}5^{\circ}$, which corresponds to the central coma region. Several important fluorescence emission lines were detected including S I multiplets at 1429 and 1479 ${\AA}$, C I multiplets at 1561 and 1657 ${\AA}$, and the CO $A^1{\Pi}-X^1{\Sigma}^+$ Fourth Positive system; we have estimated the production rates of the corresponding species from the fluxes of these emission lines. The estimated production rate of CO was $Q_{CO}=(2.65{\pm}0.63){\times}10^{28}s^{-1}$, which is 6.2-7.4% of the water production rate and is consistent with earlier predictions. The average carbon production rate was estimated to be $Q_C={\sim}1.59{\times}10^{28}s^{-1}$, which is ~60% of the CO production rate. However, the observed carbon profile was steeper than that predicted using the two-component Haser model in the inner coma region, while it was consistent with the model in the outer region. The average sulfur production rate was $Q_S=(4.03{\pm}1.03){\times}10^{27}s^{-1}$, which corresponds to ~1% of the water production rate.