• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.55-65
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• 1986

The resistance to the passage of airflow through various agricultural products is an important consideration in the design of an aeration or drying system. The amount of resistance to airflow varied widely from one kind of grain to another, and depended upon airflow rate, surface texture and shape of the particles, the size and configuration of voids, and foreign and fine material in the grain bed. The airflow rate was the major factor considered on this kind of study in the early stages. But these days, the studies on the resistance to airflow of grain affected by grain moisture content and foreign and fine material have been widely carried out. However the foreign an fine material in the grain bed could not be a major factor on the study in Korea because there were only a few grain process procedure after harvesting it. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of moisture content and airflow rate on airflow resistance to grain, and to develop a model to predict the static pressure drop across the grain bed as a function of moisture content and airflow rate. The rough rice varieties, Akibare, Milyang 15 (Japonica types), Samkwang, Backyang (Indica types)and covered barley variety, Olbori, which were harvested in 1985 were used in the experiment after cleaning them. Resistances to airflow of grain were investigated at four levels of moisture content (13-25%, wb.) for ten different airflow rates($0.01-0.15m^3/sm^2$). The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. Theaverage bulk densities were $585.3kg/m^3$ for rough rice and $691.6kg/m^3$ for barley at the loose fill, and were $648.8kg/m^3$ for rough rice and $758.2kg/m^3$ for barley at the packed fill. The pressure drops at the packed fill beds were approximately 1.4 to 1.8 times higher than those at the loose fill beds. 2. The pressure drops across grain beds deceased with the increase of moisture content and increased with airflow rate. The decreasing rates of pressure drop across grain beds according to the moisture contents at the lower airflow rates were higher than those at the higher airflow rates, and the increasing rates of pressure drop according to the airflow rates at the lower moisture contents were higher those at higher moisture contents. 3. The pressure drop across barley bed were much higher than rough rice beds and the pressure drops across Japonica type rough rice beds were a little higher than Indica type. 4. The mathematical models to predict the pressure drop across grain beds as a function of moisture content and airflow rate were developed from these experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.526-531
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• 2010

목재의 합리적인 이용을 위하여 목재 가공 또는 이용시 수분제어를 통한 건조결함 발생 최소화가 중요하다. 근적외선 분광분석법을 이용하여 재료의 물리적 화학적 성질을 신속하고 비파괴적으로 파악할 수 있다. 본 연구 에서는 근적외선 분광분석법을 이용하여 목재의 표면함수율을 측정하였다. 근적외선 분광스펙트럼에는 목재의 화학적 성분의 영향으로 인하여 노이즈가 포함될 수 있기 때문에 평활화, 미분, 표준화를 포함한 수학적 전처리를 적용한 후 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 750~2,500 nm 범위의 적외선 흡광도를 이용한 회귀모델을 통하여 목재의 표면함수율 측정이 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 근적외선 분광분석법을 통하여 비평형상태에서 목재 수분을 정확히 탐지함으로써 건조 또는 수분흡습 중 목재 내 수분이동량을 제어할 수 있는 기술이 발전될 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.241-256
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• 2001

Alginate microspheres, containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) were prepared and used as a model drug to develop the oral vaccine delivery system. The alginate microspheres were coated with poly-L-lysine or chitosan. Two methods, w/o-emulsion and spray, were used to prepare alginate microspheres. To optimize preparation conditions, effects of several factors on the particle size and particle morphology of microsphere, and loading efficiency of model antigen were investigated. In both preparation methods, the particle size and the loading efficiency were enhanced when the concentration of sodium alginate increased. In the w/o-emulsion preparation method, as the concentration of Span 80 was increased from 0.5% to 2%, the particle size was decreased, but the loading efficiency was increased. The higher the emulsification speed was, the smaller the particle size and loading efficiency were. The concentration of calcium chloride did not show any effect on the particle size and loading efficiency. In the spray preparation method, the particle size was increased as the nozzle pressure $(from\;1\;kgf/m^2\;to\;3\;kgf/m^2)$ and spray rate was raised. Increasing calcium chloride concentration (<7%) decreased the particle size, in contrast to no effect of calcium chloride concentration on the w/o-emulsion preparation method. Alginate microspheres prepared by two methods were different in the particle size and loading efficiency, the particle size of microspheres prepared by the spray method was about $2-6\;{\mu}m$, larger than that prepared by the w/o emulsion method $(about\;2{\mu}m)$, and the loading efficiency was also higher with spray method. Furthermore, drying process for the microspheres prepared by the spray was simpler and easier, compared with the w/o emulsion preparation. Therefore, the spray method was chosen to prepare alginate microspheres for further experiments. Release pattern of FITC-BSA in alginate microspheres was evaluated in simulated intestinal fluid and PBS (phosphate buffered saline). Dissolution rate of FITC-BSA from alginate/chitosan microsphere was lower than that from alginate microsphere and alginate/poly-L-lysine microsphere. By confocal laser scanning microscope, it was revealed that alginate/FITC-poly-L-lysine microspheres were present in close apposition epithelium of the Peyer's patches of rabbits following inoculation into lumen of intestine, which proved that microspheres could be taken up by Peyer's patch. In conclusion, it is suggested that alginate microsphere prepared by spray method, showing a particle size of & $10\;{\mu}m$ and a high loading efficiency, can be used as a model drug for the development of oral vaccine delivery system.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an $R^2{_{cv}}$ of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.350-357
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• 2017

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate method for analyzing the quality of cereals, and dried animal forage. However, one limitation of this method is its inability to measure fermentation parameters in dried and ground samples because they are volatile, and therefore, respectively lost during the drying process. In order to overcome this limitation, in this study, fresh coarse haylage was used to test the potential of NIRS to accurately determine chemical composition and fermentation parameters. Fresh coarse Italian ryegrass haylage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over a wavelength range of 680 to 2500 nm, and optical data were recorded as log 1/reflectance. Spectral data, together with first- and second-order derivatives, were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate regressions; scatter correction procedures (standard normal variate and detrend) were used in order to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. Optimum calibrations were selected based on their low standard error of cross validation (SECV) values. Further, ratio of performance deviation, obtained by dividing the standard deviation of reference values by SECV values, was used to evaluate the reliability of predictive models. Our results showed that the NIRS method can predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, $R_{cv}^2$, ranged from 0.76 to 0.97); the exception to this result was crude ash ($R_{cv}^2=0.49$ and RPD = 2.09). Comparison of mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that second-order derivatives yielded better predictions than first-order derivatives. The best mathematical treatment for DM, ADF, and NDF, respectively was 2, 16, 16, whereas the best mathematical treatment for CP and crude ash, respectively was 2, 8, 8. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had low predictive accuracy for acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (RPD < 2.5). However, pH, and lactic and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy ($R_{cv}^2$ 0.73 to 0.78; RPD values exceeded 2.5), and the best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8. Our findings show that, when fresh haylage is used, NIRS-based calibrations are reliable for the prediction of haylage characteristics, and therefore useful for the assessment of the forage quality.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.719-725
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• 2014

This study was investigated for the purpose of obtaining basic data for application to the canning process of salt-fermented anchovy Engraulis japonica fillet using tomato paste. The salt fermented anchovy fillet was prepared by fermenting anchovy fillet with salt 15% at $5^{\circ}C$ for 15 days and then cold air drying the salt-fermented anchovy fillet for 1 h at $16{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The dried salt-fermented anchovy fillet 85 g was filled with 60 g of tomato paste sauce (tomato paste 42%, gum guar 1.0%, salt 2.0%, starch syrup 2.0%, cooking wine 1%, water 52%) and seamed by vacuum seamer in 301-3 can, then sterilized at Fo 9 and 11 min in a steam system retort at $121^{\circ}C$, respectively. The factors such as chemical composition, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), amino-N, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet were measured. Texture value of the product sterilized at Fo 11 min was higher than at Fo 9 min condition. In both sterilized cans, the viable bacterial counts were not detected. There was no remarkable difference in physicochemical between sterilization conditions. As a result of sensory evaluation, most sensory evaluation inspector judged that it was difficult to distinguish the sensory difference of both products sterilized at Fo 9 min and at 11 min. The results showed that sterilization of Fo 9 min was more desirable than that of Fo 11 min to prepare canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet using tomato paste sauce, because this condition is more economical.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.257-275
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• 1984

Enzymatic browning is considered desirable in tea and tobacco processing but undesirable in many fruits processing at the present time. It is necessary to understand the nature of the enzyme, phenoloxidase, in order to control browning reactions, and extend its effects to formation of browning products as antioxidants in ginseng. Ginseng exhibits antioxidant activity when incorporated with turkey dark meat patties. The activity in red ginseng showed about two times stronger than white ginseng. One of the phenolic antioxidants from fresh, white and reprocessed white ginseng was identified as phenol 2.6 Bis(1.1 dimethyl ethyl) 4-methyl among several unknown compounds by GC/mass spectrometer. In red ginseng, no phenol 2.6 Bis (1.1 dimethyl ethyl) 4-methyl was detected, the compound may be polymerized by phenoloxidase and form some higher molecular compounds which may possess high antioxidant activity. Phenoloxidase isozymes in fresh Korean ginseng (panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) were extracted with phosphate buffer at pH 7.3. The isozymes were purified through ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis and chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. Two groups of phenoloxidase were shown to be present, one in the floating agglomerated group and the other in the precipitate. group from the 0.85 saturation ammonium sulfate. The DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, the phenoloxidase isozyme present in the precipitate appears as the first peak (I), and that in the agglomerate in the second peak (II). Isozyme I showed higher activity with catechin and catechal, and isozyme II showed higher activity with p-cresol. The isozyme showed two optimum pH activity one at pH 4.5 and the other at 8.5 with catechin as substrate. Korean ginseng phenoloxidase has high heat stability. When heated at $75^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours, its activity remained $90\%\;and\;80\%$ on phenoloxidase I and II respectively. Phenoloxidase I was most active on (+) catechin followed by p-cresal, catechol and epicatechin. Phenoloxidase II was most active on p-cresal followed by (+) catechin, catechol, p-coumanic acid and epicatechin. Sodium bisulfite, sodium cyanide, ascorbic acid glutachion in the oxidized form, sodium diethyl dithiocarbomate and ethylendiamine tetra acetate (EDTA) acted as inhibitors. Red ginseng color development was initiated by phenoloxidase and finished by a followed sun drying process. The antiaging activity of ginseng may be initiated by the antioxidant in the ginseng.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2015

부추를 활용한 가용성 분말 제조에 적합한 공정 개발의 일환으로, 부추원료의 증숙처리 유무와 착즙액의 분무건조 부형제 종류에 따른 분말제품의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 생부추를 세척, 탈수, 절단 후 증숙처리($100^{\circ}C$, 3분)하거나 무처리한 다음 착즙하여 액을 얻고 여기에 부형제로 dextrin(DE=10)이나 ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin를 5% 첨가하고 분무건조하여 분말을 각각 제조하였다. 부추의 증숙처리는 착즙액 분무건조 분말의 $L^*$값은 높게 하였지만 $-a^*$값, $b^*$값, $C^*$값, $h^o$값은 낮게 하는 효과를 보였다. 분말의 수분함량과 수용성지수는 증숙처리와 부형제의 영향을 받지 않았지만, 입자크기는 증숙처리와 dextrin 첨가구에서 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다. 분말의 클로로필, 총페놀, 비타민 C 함량은 증숙처리구보다 무처리구에서 유의적으로 높은 수준을 보였으나 부형제 종류별로는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. DPPH 유리기 소거능은 증숙처리에 의해 낮아지며 무처리구에서는 ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin 첨가구가 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 증숙처리구의 관능적 색, 냄새, 종합 기호도는 무증숙처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 평가되었으며 부형제의 영향은 크게 보이지 않았다. 이로써 부추 착즙액의 분무건조 분말의 품질은 착즙 전 증숙처리의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 확인되었고, 부추 고유의 이화학적 품질 특성유지에는 무처리가, 관능적 기호도를 고려할 경우에는 증숙처리가 유효한 방법으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1095-1103
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• 1996

사과의 건조시 발생하게 되는 품질저하 현상을 개선하고자 sucrose를 삼투용매로 하여 침지온도와 농도 그리고 시간을 변수로 삼투건조하여 유리당, 유기산, ascorbic acid 함량변화에 대해 분석하였다. 유리당은 sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol 등이 분석되었으며 농도가 증가함에 따라, 침지시간이 길어질수록 총당량이 증가하였으며 온도보다는 농도의 영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. sucrose함량이 가장 많이 증가하였으며, fructose는 거의 없었고 glucose는 약간 증가하는 경향으로 각각의 유리당의 함량은 온도, 농도, 침지시간이 증가할수록 양이 증가하였다. 유기산은 malic acid와 fumaric acid가 주로 분석되었으며, 그외 oxalic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid가 소량 분석되었다. 낮은 온도에서의 처리가 높은 함량을 보였으며 농도가 증가할수록 유기산의 함량이 많았고 침지시간이 길어질수록 유기산 함량이 줄어 들었다. Ascorbic acid도 저온$(20^{\circ}C)$과 농도$(60^{\circ}brix)$에서의 처리가 손실이 적었으며 온도가 낮을수록, 농도가 높을수록 더 큰 값을 보였으며 시간의 변화에는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 품질변화 kinetics를 model화하기 위하여 반응속도론에 상사시켜 본 결과 유리당의 변화는 1차반응 속도식이, 유기산의 변화와 ascorbic acid의 변화는 2차반응 속도식이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 품질변화 속도상수에 대한 온도의 영향은 Arrhenius 식에 비교적 따른다고 볼 수 있다. 삼투건조 동안 유리당과 유기산, ascorbic acid 함량의 변화를 예측하고자 수립한 예측모델은 비교적 높은 $r^2$를 보여 각 조건에 따른 함량변화를 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 1994

슬러지 발생량은 정수처리공정에서 부터 슬러지 농축 및 탈수에 이르는 과정을 최적화하므로써 감량화할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 탈수 및 건조기법에 의하여 정수처리공정에서 발생하는 슬러지의 함수율을 낮추어 슬러지 발생량을 줄이는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 탈수효율향상을 위한 polymer 투입량 및 교반조건등을 최적화하고, 온도에 따른 슬러지의 중량변화에 대하여 관찰하였다. 탈수효율은 polymer의 종류보다 교반강도에 의한 영향이 크고, pH의 영향도 큰 것으로 나타났다. 최적 polymer 주입농도는 1.5mg-polymer/g-TSS이었고, pH가 약산성이나 약알카리성 조건에서 탈수효율이 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 교반강도는 낮을수록(10,000ses-1이하) 효율이 향상되었고, 속도구배(G)보다 GT값이 중요한 영향인자인 것으로 나타났다. 자유수의 건조는 $100^{\circ}C$ 전후, 화학적 결함수는 $300^{\circ}C$ 근방에서 증발하며, 유기물질은 약 $300-600^{\circ}C$ 구간에서 산화되어 증발하는 것으로 나타났다. 취수원 수질에 따라 강열감량은 약 15-40%로 나타났으며, 화학적 결합수에 의한 감량이 약 10-20%, 유기물질에 의한 감량이 약 4-20%인 것으로 나타났다.