• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2009

Colostrum provide a complete diet for the newborn calves. In ruminants, colostrum is also the sole source of initial acquired immunity for the offspring. Colostrum, therefore, plays an important role in ruminants host defense. Bovine colostrum imparts passive immunity to newborn calves during the first 24h of life and generally has been fed for the first 3 days after birth. Colostrum can be preserved conveniently for future use by brief refrigeration, freezing, or storage at ambient temperatures (fermentation or chemical treatment). Colostrum management were surveyed via data collection from 67 dairy farms in Gyeonggi and Chungnam provinces. After parturition for five days the total amount of produced colostrum was 80.4 kg on average, and the average amount of lactation fed to a calf was 20.9 kg. According to the survey results, identified treatment methods for surplus colostrum are as follows; disposal 17.9%, other calf feeding 37.3%, storage 22.4%, other livestock feeding 20.9% and other treatment 1.5%. For improvement in the quality of colostrum, there must be controlled usage of medicines (such as antibiotics) before and after parturition, proper choices of milk-drying agents, and increased milking yields during the early stage of the milking period.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.145-153
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• 1974

Five different levels of Ethephon were treated on tobacco cultivar yellow Special A and Coker and harvested for curing. Changes in dehydration properties, yellowing, chlorophyll, nicotine, sugar and starch contents during the processes of curing were studied in order to justify feasibility of adoption an idea of 3-stage-curing method instead of the 5-stage. Ethephon-treated-tobacco leaves showed marked degradation of chlorophyll, greater dehydration and greater reduction in nicotine contents while little change in either sugar, starch and other chemical components. They showed also shorter hours of curing period allowing possible curing response at a relatively low temperature than those without treatment. Thus they undergo only 3 stages of flue-curing processes, yellowing, calor-fixing and vein-drying, and need 72 hours to finish curing, but the ordinary leaves need 100 hours for it.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

Concrete structure for nuclear power plant is mass concrete structure with large wall depth and easily permits cracking in early age due to hydration heat and drying shrinkage. It always needs cooling water so that usually located near to sea shore. The crack on concrete surface permits rapid chloride intrusion and also causes more rapid corrosion in the steel. In the study, the effect of age and crack width on chloride diffusion is evaluated for the concrete for nuclear power plant with 6000 psi strength. For the work, various crack widths with 0.0~1.4 mm are induced and accelerated diffusion test is performed for concrete with 56 days, 180days, and 365 days. With increasing crack width over 1.0mm, diffusion coefficient is enlarged to 2.7~3.1 times and significant reduction of diffusion is evaluated due to age effect. Furthermore, apparent diffusion coefficient and surface chloride content are evaluated for the concrete with various crack width exposed to atmospheric zone with salt spraying at the age of 180 days. The results are also analyzed with those from accelerated diffusion test.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

In the browning reaction of Korean ginseng, it appears that enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred In initial stage of steaming fresh ginseng at low temperature, and then non-enzymatic browning reaction followed in the drying period after steaming. Browning reaction of red ginseng occurred between $60{\sim}90$ min of steaming at $100^{\circ}C$, and browning pigments of red ginseng were mostly water soluble substances. The structural characteristics of water soluble browning reaction products(WS-BRPs) isolated from Korean red ginseng were showed the presence of hydroxyl, amide carbonyl and aliphatic methane groups. From sugar analysis it was identified that L and S-1, melanoidins isolated from red ginseng, contained two kinds of sugars, glucose and xylose, and the other melanoidin S-2 contained the previous and fructose. In order to find out pertinent methods for the acceleration of browning during ginseng processing, various treatment were made on fresh ginseng with sugars, amino acids and inorganic nitrogenous compounds and the extent of browning was measured. Among sugar tested, maltose resulted in the greatest acceleration of browning followed in decreasing order by glucose and lactose, whereas pentoses, fructose, sucrose and raffinose had negligible effect. A marked browning occurred in ginseng treated with basic amino acids, while the extent of browning was not greatly increased when ginseng was treated with aliphatic amino acids, hydroxyl amino acids, or acidic amino acids. The brown color intensity gradually increased with an increase of glucose concentration far up to 0.5M. L, S-1, and S-2 were found to have an ability to donate hydrogen to DPPH, and also they had anti-oxidative activity in the experiments of hydrogen peroxide scavenging, inhibitory activity in the formation of MDA from linoleic acid, auto oxidation of ok-brain homogenates, lipid peroxidation by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic system in liver microsome fraction, and mitochondrial fraction etc. The amounts of acidic polysaccharide(AP) in red ginseng were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, the AP amount is no difference in root ages or sizes, also, the AP amount of ginseng body was similar to that of rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis. Addition of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) increased production of nitric oxide(NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ in the rodent macrophage cultures, and treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2006

Evaluation of physiological performance of trehalose-producing transgenic rice line was conducted to investigate drought tolerance at early growth stage. Under artificially induced drought condition of 8% polyethylene glycol 6000, this transgenic rice line had leaf photosynthetic rate of 11.08 uml CO$_2$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, leaf transpiration rate of 8.38 mmol $H_2O$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and leaf water potential of -1.12 MPa after 96 hours of treatment. Nakdongbyeo, the parent of this tyansgenic rice line, had photosynthetic rate of 15.42 $\mu$mol CO$_2$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, leaf transpiration rate of 8,04 mmol $H_2O$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and leaf water potential of -0.88 MPa. The other variety used in this experiment for comparison, IR 72, showed higher values than both tyansgenic rice line and variety Nakdonbyeo on all three parameters; leaf photosynthetic rate of 20.61 $\mu$mol CO$_2$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, leaf transpiration rate of 12.88 mmol $H_2O$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and leaf water potential of -0.82 MPa. So this transgenic rice line did not show superior performance in leaf transpiration rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf water potential compared to variety Nakdongbyeo. This result along with visual observation on leaf rolling and drying during the experimental period indicated poor physiological performance of this transgenic rice line. Further studies on metabolic status of stress-induced trehalose, along with study on physiological response of this transgenic rice line during drought stress would shed more light on overall physiological performance of this transgenic rice line.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 1993

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of auxins and cultural factors on rooting characteristics in offshoots cutting of Aloe vera. The result obtained were as follows;1. Short offshoots(15-20cm) with rhizome had more roots than that of the removed rhizome, while long offshoots(25-30cm) without rhizome had more roots and heavier root dry weight than short offshoots with rhizome. The highest rooting ability occured when IBA treated 500mg per liter in short offshoots with rhizome, whereas long offshoots without rhizome showed higher rooting ability at the level of 1,000mg/l of IBA and 200mg/I of NAA2. Among three kinds of anxin treated, both IBA and NAA showed better rooting ability than ethychlozate. Root number, root length and root dry weight were higher at 10 min. dipping treatment of IBA 500mg/I for short off-shoots without rhizome and 10 min. dipping treatment of IBA 1,000mg/l for long offshoots with rhizome. Rooting ability of long offshoots was higher than that of short offshoots.3. In addition to IBA 1,000mg/l, 7-day dryness under shading condition increased root number and dry weight of root in offshoots without rhizome. Control treatment lengthened root by increasing drying period under the shading condition.4. The plain soil with mamure had not only higher root dofferentiation but higher root growth of offshoots cutting than the artificial soil.5. Rooting ability in offshoots cutting had a tendency increasing with decrease in shading percentage to natural. Black color poly ethylene film mulching had better rooting ablility than transparency poly ethlene film mulching in offshoots cutting.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 1987

Seed dormancy and germination responses to light and gases were determined for Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. E. colons seeds did not require a period of after-ripening for breaking dormancy. Water movement occurred readily across the seed coat. Repeated cycles of hydration and dehydration reduced viability and thence germination. Water imbibition for 24 h increased seed moisture by 21%; seeds returned to their original weight after drying at room temperature for 13 h. Removal of seed-coats increased germination in the dark. Light stimulated germination. Germination at a daylight intensity of 51.9 $Wm^{-2}$ or less was significantly reduced. Germination of seeds which were exposed to light for 1 h each day was significantly less than that of seeds exposed for longer than 2 h a day. Seeds subjected to blue light had delayed and decreased germination compared to seeds exposed to red light. Ethylene or carbon dioxide exogenenously added in the presence of light stimulated germination. The addition of the two gases together had a synergistic effect. In the dark, however, the two gases did not increase germination.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.859-866
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• 2003

When calcium sulfoaluminate-based expansive cement was hydrated, ettringite and monosulfate were mainly formed. The crack of hardened cement was prevented by compensating drying shrinkage due to formation of the above hydrates. In order to study the hydration properties of calcium sulfoaluminate-based expanding cement, 3CaOㆍ3Al$_2$O$_3$ㆍCaSO$_4$(C$_4$A$_3$S) was prepared by chemical synthesis, and then the hydration of $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.$2H_2O$-C$_3$A system_was characterized. Good $C_4$A$_3$S phase was prepared at $1300^{\circ}C$ by chemical synthesis, and the main hydration product of $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.2$H_2O$ system was ettringite. In the case of hydration $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$ㆍ 2$H_2O$-C$_3$A system, ettringite was formed in the early period and it was transformed into monosulfate while consumed gypsum.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

In 2006, pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was isolated from about 50 years old trees of Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis showing leaf-wilt and -drying symptoms in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do and Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. Isolation of pinewood nematodes from sapwood of infected pine trees showed no difference in population density between tree species and among the sampling heights on the main stem. Migration of pinewood nematodes in the host tree were investigated by inoculation of red pine (P. densiflora, 3 years old) seedlings with B. xylophilus. The nematodes seemed to move in red pine seedlings prior to multiplication and it might have taken about 20 days to start multiplication and expression of symptoms including wilt and dieback. In initial time after inoculation, nematodes started migration through the cortical resin canal from inoculated site and further showed upward and downward movements. More nematodes were observed in cortical resin canal during early period of inoculation and later in resin canal of xylem and tracheid also while, the pith still remained free from nematode. The density of B. xylophilus was higher in seedlings of low-vigor with poor root growth than in seedlings of normal root growth. Seedlings showing high density of B. xylophilus exhibited stem discoloration and secondary infection by fungus at the inoculation site.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.479-486
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• 2012

This study was conducted to demonstrate quality characteristics of ginger by making aged ginger( AG) with two methods, the frist method was that ginger was aged at constant temperature and humidity chamber for the duration of 10, 20 and 30 days, and the other method was drying the ginger just after steaming it for 3 hours. As the age was being processed, the volume of ginger's appearance decreased rapidly and its color seemed to be darker because of the decrease in moisture. In the case of general components, the content of crude ash was depended on aged periods while the content of crude fat was independent with aged periods, and according to the content of crude protein, there was not any significant differences. The main valuable ingredient which is 6-gingerol showed the decreasing trend as it was exposed to heat with more time, and 6-shogaol which is also one of the main valuable ingredients showed high content at T-II(AG-10days). Free sugar and free amino acid of AG decreased as aged period goes by, and this study found that there were lots of essential amino acid (threonine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, leucine and tyrosine) in ginger. The amount of unsaturated fatty acid of AG was significantly higher than the amount of saturated fatty acid of AG with the approximate ratio of 60:40, and the amount of free fatty acid of AG did not seem any big differences between AG and none AG. Considering both valuable ingredients and nutritive components, T-I (steamed ginger, SG) and T-II which was aged for 10 days were evaluated excellently.