• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.76-84
• /
• 2017

In the construction of subsea oil and gas developments, it is increasingly common that subsea oil and gas equipment will be installed in subsea well before final hookup and production. Installation of wellheads, subsea hardware, pipelines, and surface facilities (platforms, FPSO, FLNG, connected terminals, or gas plants) are increasingly driven by independent cost and vessel availability schedules; this gives rise to requirements that the subsea facilities must be stored in the seabed for a specific time. In addition, schedule delays, particularly in the installation or startup of the connected platform, FPSO, FLNG, or onshore plant may cause unexpected extensions of the intended storage period. Currently, there are two methods commonly used for storage subsea facilities in the seabed: dry parking and wet parking. Each method has its own risks, challenges, and implications for the facility life and its integrity. The corrosion management and preservation method selection is a crucial factor to be considered in choosing the appropriate storage method and achieving a successful seabed storage. An overview of those factors is presented, along with a discussion on the internal corrosion threats and assessments.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2016

In cars, the amount of combustibles, such as plastics, textiles, etc., have increased dramatically to improve the fuel efficiency of cars by reducing the gross vehicle weight according to the increases in an oil price and to reduce environmental problems. One or two cars were involved in a parking lot fire prior to the mid-2000 s. On the other hand, there were many parking lot fires where the entire car was destroyed due to increasing the use of plastics. In this study, the quantity of combustibles in a car was 316.2 kg over a total weight 1935 kg. This is 16.34% of total weight and 10 times greater than that three decades earlier. When a sprinkler is installed as a parking lot fire protection system as a substitute for water spray, the water discharge of the sprinkler must maintain the original density of water spray, $20lpm/m^2$. In addition, the use of a hose reel $CO_2$ system at pilotis parking lots must be prohibited because the hose reel $CO_2$ system has no adaptability for a car fire. Instead, this study proposes foam, dry powder, loaded stream systems be used in parking lot fire suppression systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2022.04a
• /
• pp.194-195
• /
• 2022

The jointing of unsupported concrete on the parking lot floor is a process for cracking and stress relief due to concrete drying shrinkage and restraint, but curling occurs due to long-term drying shrinkage after the initial age. will be lowered Therefore, by using an expansion material and a shrinkage reducing agent, the dry shrinkage of concrete is realized to 200 με or less.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
• /
• 1999.10a
• /
• pp.188-190
• /
• 1999

현재 지하주차공간의 자연환기방식에 대한 우리나라 건축법규의 기준은 150m$^2$ 이내마다 1개소이상의 외기와 면하는 2m$^2$이상의 개구부를 천창 혹은 Dry Area를 설치하도록 규정하고 있다. 이 지하공간에서의 자연환기는 풍력, 온도차, 차량출입구에 의한 환기를 들 수 있으나 주로 풍력에 의한 환기가 대부분을 차지한다.(중략)

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2016

The definition of an apartment is a building more than 5 stories high and which is the standard law. Currently, the number of apartments is increasing much faster than detached houses. Owning an apartment is a normal trend these days. However, the increasing number of apartments has been increasing the number of apartment fires which also has been making social problems. Therefore, this study was conducted for the fire extinguisher among other fire facilities because it is important for initial fire suppression. The research subject is on the fire extinguisher that is in the underground parking lot of 40 apartment complexes which are more than 10 stories. Survey and analysis were conducted for 80 fire extinguishers. There are two fire extinguishers for each apartment. The result of this study is that all installed fire extinguishers are ABC dry chemical type, 92% of them is 3.3kg and that meet the legal height(less than 1.5m). However, the condition such as appearance, inspection, manufactured year, appearance of signs, material of signs, size of signs, etc. was insufficiency. So improvement of law and system that are fire facility construction, maintenance implementation and additional designation of type approval about sign will be needed in my opinion.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.525-532
• /
• 2007

In order to establish and implement the total maximum daily load (TMDL) management plan in Korea, it is necessary to set the source units and calculate discharge loads for non-point source pollutants such as BOD, COD, SS, TN and TP. This study analysed the corelation between stormwater runoff characteristics and event mean concentrations (EMCs) of non-point source pollutants. As the result of the corelation analysis, we knew that all the antecedent dry days (ADD) and the rainfall correlated lowly with non-point source pollutants in the urban areas such as resident area, industrial area, business area, road area and parking area. Therefore, it is necessary to get all samples from stormwater starting point to stormwater ending point and standardize the sampling method of stormwater in order to obtain more accurate EMCs for landuse.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 1997

Abstract Over 4.1 billion tons of non-hazardous solid wastes are generated in the United States annually. This equals to about 16 tons of wastes per person, per year. Disposal of the wastes is a national concern due to many factors such as environmental issues, costs, and public views. South Carolina, like many other states, had a home of many military bases which were ordered to be closed. The contaminated soil was vitrified and tested for suitability in the asphalt mixes. For mix design purposes, a total of 75 specimens were made and tested. For moisture susceptibility testing, a total of 32 samples were made and tested. The results indicate that the mixtures made with sample B produced dry and wet that were comparable with the controlled mixture. At this point and with in this limited study, use of 5% of sample B in asphalt mixture is recommended in several applications such as parking lots, walking paths and drive ways.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2000

Dwindling supplies and increasing costs of conventional highway materials used in road construction as well as concerns over shrinking landfill spaces prompt researchers to investigate the use of waste products, such as fly ash, as substitute materials in highway construction. The highway industry is capable of utilizing waste materials in large quantities if their effect on pavement performance proves to be technically, economically and environmentally satisfactory. This research examines the effects of fly ash when used as partial replacement of aggregate in asphaltic concrete mixtures. And measuring the effect of fly ash on bulk specific gravity, air void, indirect tensile strength (ITS) under dry and wet conditioning as well as the tensile strength ratio (TSR) of asphaltic concrete mixture. The results indicated that asphaltic concrete mixtures containing 2% and 5% fly ash produced about the same TSR value as control mixture. And all of the mixtures met the minimum ITS and TSR requirements established by the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SC DOT) for Type 1A surface courses. At this point and with this limited study, these asphaltic concrete mixtures is recommended in several applications such as parking lot, secondary roads and driveways.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.359-365
• /
• 2017

Impermeable surfaces such as transportation land uses including roads and parking lots accumulate high heavy metals and particulate matters concentration especially during dry season which worsens the river water quality and distort the water circulation system during rainfall events. Recently, the government has been promoting policies to install Low Impact Development (LID) facilities such as permeable pavements or grass blocks in parking lots or pavements. However, transition of asphalt-paved surfaces to permeable pavement generated asphalt wastes which are detrimental to the environment and has cost implications due to its removal and disposal. Therefore this study was conducted to provide a method of constructing a cost-effective permeable pavement to reduce waste generation and cost. In this study, comparative analysis of the water circulation capacity and economic efficiency of the traditional construction method and new method proposed in this study through the lab-scale experiment. The proposed method was to make holes in existing asphalt pavements, layout geotextile fabric and permeable base media such as sand before compaction. After compaction, layout grass blocks on the compacted base media then layout sand in between each grass blocks before compaction. Apparently, there was no significant difference between the traditional installation method of permeable pavement and the proposed method in this study considering surface runoff, infiltrated volume, stored volume, and rainfall-runoff delay time. The proposed method in this study generated 86% less wastes compared to the traditional installation method and has 70% cost reduction considering asphalt removal and disposal. The construction method proposed in this study yielded similar performance compared to the traditional installation method and water circulation effect, but was proven to be less complicated and economical.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.34 no.3 s.116
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2006

This study analyzed characteristics of natural and human environments in Chuncheon's Gongji stream, and suggested nature-friendly planning strategies for self-purification of water quality, biodiversity improvement and conservative waterfront recreation. The environmental analysis included streambed structures, floodplain soils, water quality, vegetation, wildlife, and human facilities. Natural colonization of vegetation for the middle section of the study stream was obstructed by a straightened concrete revetment of baseflow channel, and vehicle movement and concrete parking lots across the floodplain. These human disturbances also deteriorated the naturalness of the stream landscape and limited habitation of bird species. However, natural sedimented wetlands in half of the channel width for the lower section of the stream contributed to a desirable vegetational landscape and greater bird occurrence. Based on BOD measurements, water quality of the stream fell under class $II{\sim}III$ of the stream water-quality standard, but it was worse around sewage outlets due to incomplete sewage collection especially during the dry season. Dominant fish species included typical inhabitants of good water-quality streams that are tolerant of adverse habitat changes. Nature-friendly planning strategies were established based on analysis of the environmental characteristics. They focused on not merely spatial zoning and layout divided into four zones - preservation, partial preservation, conservation and use -, but close-to-nature channel revetment techniques, natural water-purification facilities, biotope diversification, and water-friendly recreation and circulation. Strategies pursued both renewal of stream naturalness and hydraulic stability of streamflow by minimizing transformation of natural channel micro-topography and biotope, and by reflecting natural traces of streambed structures such as revetment scour and sedimentation.