• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.648-656
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on metabolites, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in cows during the transition period. Methods: Thirty-nine Holstein dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups, fed a high energy density diet (HD, 1.62 Mcal of net energy for lactation $[NE_L]/kg$ dry matter [DM]), a medium energy density diet (MD, $1.47Mcal\;NE_L/kg\;DM$), or a low energy density diet (LD, $1.30Mcal\;NE_L/kg\;DM$) prepartum; they were fed the same lactation diet to 28 days in milk (DIM). All the cows were housed in a free-stall barn and fed ad libitum. Results: The reduced energy density diets decreased the blood insulin concentration and increased nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration in the prepartum period (p<0.05). They also increased the concentrations of glucose, insulin and glucagon, and decreased the concentrations of NEFA and ${\beta}-hydroxybutyrate$ during the first 2 weeks of lactation (p<0.05). The plasma urea nitrogen concentration of both prepartum and postpartum was not affected by dietary energy density (p>0.05). The dietary energy density had no effect on mRNA abundance of insulin receptors, leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated $receptor-{\gamma}$ in adipose tissue, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated $receptor-{\alpha}$ in liver during the transition period (p>0.05). The HD cows had higher mRNA abundance of hormone-sensitive lipase at 3 DIM compared with the MD cows and LD cows (p = 0.001). The mRNA abundance of hepatic pyruvate carboxy-kinase at 3 DIM tended to be increased by the reduced energy density of the close-up diets (p = 0.08). Conclusion: The reduced energy density diet prepartum was effective in controlling adipose tissue mobilization and improving the capacity of hepatic gluconeogenesis postpartum.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.225-229
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• 2000

The antioxidative and protective activities of kefir, low-fat dry milk (NFDM) extract and fractions on SFME cells in serum-free medium were investigated. Kefir and low-fat kefir and NFDM extract were made by solubilizing the freeze dried powder forms in deionized water, filtering through glass prefilter, 12 ㎛ and 2 ㎛ membrane, and demineraling with chelating resin. Kefir, low-fat kefir and NFDM extract were fractioned into dialyzate and retentate by dialysis with membrane tube having the molecular cut-off of 3,500 Dalton. An antioxidative activity was analyzed by the in vitro model system using a linoleic acid. In the case of kefir an antioxidative activity was detected only in the retentate of kefir extract. On the other hand NFDM showed an antioxidative activity in extract, demineralized extract, dialyzate and retentate. The retentate of kefir extract had the higher antioxidative activity than that of NFDM extract. Kefir showed the protective effect of SFME cells in serum-free medium in extract, demineralized extract and retentate, but low-fat kefir didn't. NFDM had the similar protective effect on SFME cells as extract, demineralized extract and retentate of kefir.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 1986

The imitation processed cheese (IPC), formulated with delactosed non fat dry milk (DENFDM) only, showed the smallest melting area. Calcium caseinate sample showed the largest spread. Satistically protein source as a major ingredient for the IPC yielded significantly different melting areas. In a similar fashion, initial melting temperature was markedly and significantly influenced by protein source. In effect of addition of DENFDM on microstructure of IPC analog revealed that as the fraction of DENFDM was decreased, the network was much more uniform and the fat globules were also better dispersed compared to DENFDM cheese analog. Therefore the results of this study help predict that melting and microstructural characteristics are largely but not solely dependent on the protein source. The DENFDM has a potential beneficial effect as a partial replacement of caseinate in the formation of IPC to characteristic close to processed cheese.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1986

Timing of weaning is later in Korean rural and lower urban classes compared with middle and upper classes. Weaning after the international standard of six months of age has adverse effects on the growth rate of children. This occurs because supplementary foods are not provided for the child during the weaning period; rather, the infant goes directly from nursing(or bottle feeding) to the cereals and solid foods of the adult diet. Consequently, all nutrient and calorie intake, with the exception of thiamin, in Korean rural children had not yet attained the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). This situation bas created an urgent need for easy to prepare, low priced. highly nutritious supplementary foods. The research team of Yonsei University developed 3 formulas prepared from rice, soybeans, sesame, dry skim milk and fish which are all plentiful and inexpensive items in Korea. A proximate analysis and amino acid determination were performed on three formula. These formulas were prepared and used as exprimental diet for an animal assay. In the animal assay, growth rate, PER evaluated and biochemical analyses were also carried out. A safety storage assay and the cost evaluation were also conducted.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 2009

The transition from pregnancy to lactation, commonly referred to as the "transition period" is characterized by dramatic changes in metabolic processes and their regulation in order to prepare the dairy cow for parturition and lactogenesis. An important adaptation to lactation is the increase in gluconeogenesis by the liver to meet the tremendous increase in demand of glucose for lactose synthesis, and the accumulation of lipid in adipose tissue during pregnancy, its mobilization that begins prior to lactation and the dramatic increase in plasma NEFA concentration early lactation. Epinephrine and insulin, the homeostatic regulators of metabolism are responsible for the adaptations of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in support of milk production along with mobilization of body fat to meet overall energy demands because dry matter intake is insufficient to meet these demands during early lactation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate growth characteristics, yield, chemical compositions and nutrients yield of corn hybrids for silage in the newly reclaimed hilly land. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The seeding time was at May 6. The harvest time of four treatments was milk stage (97 days), dough stage (105 days), yellow stage (112 days) and late yellow stage (119 days after seeding). Plant height, ear height, leaf numbers and ear length were highest in yellow stage (p<0.05, 0.01), but dead leaf, stem hardness and sugar degree (Brix) were higher in late yellow than other treatments. Leaf width, tip filling degree and fresh yield were not significantly different. Dry matter yield increased as the maturity stage progressed (p<0.01). Crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different. NDF and ADF decreased as the maturity stage progressed (p<0.01). Ca content was the highest at milk stage (p<0.05), Fe and P were the highest at dough stage (p<0.05, 0.01). However another minerals were not significantly different. Essential amino acid (EAA), nonessential amino acid (NEAA) and total amino acid were highest at yellow stage, but no significant differences were found among the treatments. Total free sugar contents were higher in the order of Milk > dough > yellow > late yellow stage, but no significant differences were found among the treatments. Crude protein yield was the highest at yellow stage, but crude fat yield, amino acid yield and TDN yield were highest at late yellow stage (p<0.01). Total mineral yield showed no significant difference. Based on the above results, yellow and late yellow stage compared to other maturity stage have been shown to increase dry matter yield and nutrients yield, when silage corn grow cultivate in the newly reclaimed hilly land.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2020

Objective: The current study was carried out to examine the response of different levels of fat and protein in calf starter on nutrient utilisation, nitrogen metabolism, weight gain, blood parameters, and immunity level in pre-ruminant calves. Methods: Twenty four calves (5 days old) were divided into six groups in a 2×3 factorial design, with two levels of fat (10% and 14%) and three levels of protein (18%, 21%, and 24%). The calves were kept in individual pens for 120 days and fed with whole milk (1/10th of body weight) and calf starter ad-libitum. Daily dry matter intake was recorded; whereas body weight was taken on fortnightly basis to calculate average daily gain. During the growth trial blood samples were collected at 30 days interval to estimate blood glucose, albumin, total protein, total leucocyte count, total immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin G levels. A metabolic trial of seven days was carried out to find out the digestibility of different nutrients. Results: The dry matter intake was reduced (p<0.05) with higher fat and protein levels whereas feed conversion efficiency was improved (p<0.05) with higher protein level. Different levels of fat and protein in calf ration did not affect average daily gain in calves. The dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility were significantly (p<0.01) higher with increased level of protein. The nitrogen retention was also significantly higher (p<0.05) at 24% protein level, similarly the total immunoglobulin was significantly (p<0.05) high in higher protein fed groups, showed better immunity. Conclusion: The present finding suggested that 10% fat and 18% protein level of calf starter could be used in Sahiwal calves for optimum performance in terms of weight gain and immunity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2006

The object of this experiment was to suggest the optimum autumn sown small forage crops as next forage crops harvested maize in Daejeon area. The field trials was conducted from 2002 to 2004 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and qualities of the autumn sown small forage crops. The experiment was consisted of split plots (main plot : forage crops as rye, barley and wheat, and sub plot 4 harvest stages as boot, heading, milk and dough) design with three replications. The average DM yield for 2 years of rye was higher than that of other forage crops (p<0.01). As stages proceed, the DM yield tended to increase in all forage crops (p<0.01). In chemical composition, they had a difference on forage crops and stages. The crude protein (CP) was higher in barley (p<0.01), but fibrous contents such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in wheat than in the other forage crops (p<0.01). In Daejeon area, although barley and wheat at milk and dough stages were observed with maximum yield and high quality as autumn sown forage crops, due to late harvesting periods, it is difficult to utilize them as previous forage crops seeded in maize. Based on the result mentioned above, it is concluded that rye harvested at boot to heading stages is the most suitable fur autumn sown small forage crops in Daejeon area. Meanwhile, in order to have the option of nutritional value in wheat and barley, they need to be supplied early maturing and high-yield variety of wheat and barley.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2022

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth characteristics and forage yield potential for warm season grass as emergency forages. The experimental design was a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Two barnyard millet (Echinochloa species cv. Shirohie and Jeju native), a pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum cv Feed milk 2) a proso millet (Panicum miliaceum cv Native), a teffgrass (Eragrostis tef cv. Tiffany) and a kleingrass (Panicum coloratum cv. Selection 75) were compared for forage production and quality at the Mid regions of Korea. Warm season forage crops were sown on May 21 and June 23 respectively, and in 2021, it was sown twice on May 21 and June 21 The number of days to seedling emergence for barnyard millet and teffgrass was observed approximately 10 and 3 days after seeding, respectively. The cultivation period from seeding to harvest was within 60 days for all entry spices except for the late-heading type barnyard millet (within 84 days). As for the dry matter yield by seeding date, the dry matter yield of the late-heading type barnyard millet in May seeding was the highest at 23,872 kg/ha, and the kleingrass was the lowest at 3,888 kg/ha. For the June seeding, the dry matter yield of the late-heading type barnyard millet was 17,032 kg/ha, the highest, and the proso millet, teffgrass and kleingrass showed the lowest at 5,468, 5,442, and 5,197 kg/ha, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content was varied by warm season grass species, but the early-heading type barnyard millet, teffgrass, and kleingrass showed the highest tendency, and the late-heading type barnyard millet showed the lowest at 5.7~5.9%. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content did not show a significant difference between the seeding in May, but kleingrass in June sowed lower than the others.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

Three Hanwoo steers (BW $623{\pm}18.5kg$) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to investigate nutrients degradability and total digestible nutrient (TDN) of whole crop rice silage (WRS) harvested at different mature stages using in situ technique. Crude protein content (mean 4.81%) decreased with progressed maturity at harvest except for WRS harvested at yellow stage. Ruminal dry matter degradability of WRS at milk stage tended to be slightly lower than that of the other stages during the entire incubation time from 12 h post-incubation. The rapidly degradable N (a-fraction) of WRS harvested at milk stage was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of WRS at dough stage whereas the slowly degradable N (b-fraction) of WRS harvested at yellow and dough stages were statistically (p<0.05) higher than those of the other WRS. Effective protein degradability (EPD) of WRS harvested at yellow stage was numerically (compared with dough and milk stages) and statistically (compared with mature stage) higher than EPD of the other WRS. Protein digestibility of WRS at different gastric tracts did not differ (p>0.05) between the harvest stages. TDN of WRS harvested at yellow stage in Hanwoo steers was statistically (compared with milk stage) and numerically (compared with dough and mature stages) higher than TDN of the other WRS. Overall, taking present feed evaluation into consideration, WRS harvested at yellow stage may be recommended for Hanwoo steers. Further studies on in vivo rumen fermentation pattern and minimizing nutrients loss during harvest should be required for accurate feed evaluation.