• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.672-676
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a blend of essential oils (BEO) on enteric methane emission and growth performance of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Methods: Twenty one growing male buffaloes (average body weight of $279{\pm}9.3kg$) were divided in to three groups. The animals of all the three groups were fed on a ration consisting of wheat straw and concentrate mixture targeting 500 g daily live weight gain. The three dietary groups were; Group 1, control without additive; Group 2 and 3, supplemented with BEO at 0.15 and 0.30 mL/kg of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Results: During six months feeding trial, the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre) were similar in all the groups. The average body weight gain was tended to improve (p = 0.084) in Group 2 and Group 3 as compared to control animals. Feeding of BEO did not affect feed conversion efficiency of the animals. The calves of all the three groups were in positive nitrogen balance with no difference in nitrogen metabolism. During respiration chamber studies the methane production (L/kg DMI and L/kg digestible dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.001) lower in Group 2 and Group 3 as compared to control animals. Conclusion: The results indicated that the BEO tested in the present study have shown potential to reduce enteric methane production without compromising the nutrient utilization and animal performance and could be further explored for its use as feed additive to mitigate enteric methane production in livestock.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2008

Eighty-four Holstein cows were used to evaluate effects of feeding two diets that differed in dietary cation-anion difference (cationic; +28 or anionic; -138 mEq/kg DM) on prepartum and postpartum dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), serum Ca concentrations and on subsequent milk production and composition. Treatments were in a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement that included prepartum diet, dry period length (30 d dry, 30 d dry+estradiol cypionate (ECP), and 60 d dry), and prepartum and postpartum bST ($POSILAC^{(R)}$ 10.2 mg/d). No interaction of prepartum diet with dry period length or bST supplementation was detected for any measure evaluated either prepartum or postpartum. No significant effects of prepartum diet on prepartum DMI, BW or BCS were observed. Mean DMI during the first 28 d postpartum were similar for cows fed the cationic or anionic diets prepartum (25.5 vs. 26.1 kg/d). During postpartum wk 1 to 14, no differences in mean BW or BCS were detected due to prepartum diet fed but decreases for both groups were observed during the first 6 wk postpartum. No differences due to prepartum diet were observed for mean milk or 3.5% FCM yields or for milk composition during the first 10 wk of lactation. Similarly, mean milk yield of cows during the first 21 wk did not differ significantly due to prepartum diet fed (38.5 vs. 38.6 kg/d). Overall, cows fed the prepartum cationic or anionic diets had similar mean postpartum serum concentrations of Ca (9.34 vs. 9.35 mg/dl). Subsequent milk production, milk composition and concentrations of Ca did not differ. Importantly, the two prepartum diets were equally satisfactory in minimizing incidence of milk fever and in supporting initiation of lactation, irrespective of dry period length and supplemental ECP and bST.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 1990

A field experiment was conducted to study both the distribution characteristics of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the soybean canopy and their relationships with dry matter production. The soybean cultivars 'Hwanggeumkong' and 'Paldalkong' were sown with the spaces of 60$\times$15cm and 30$\times$15cm at Suwon on May 20 and on June 20 in 1989. The ratio of PAR to the total shortwave radiation was estimated by the empirical equation derived from sunshine hours and direct incoming radiation. The functional relationships between the PAR interception and the leaf area index were expressed as a function of Beer's law. The extinction coefficients(k) in the functions ranged from 0.77 to 0.92. The values of k were greater at higher planting density, but they were affected neither by planting dates nor by varieties. The reflection ratio of PAR($\alpha$) was determined by the exponential function as below; $\alpha$=$\alpha$p-($\alpha$p-$\alpha$o) exp(-kㆍLAI) where $\alpha$p was the reflectance at the maximum LAI and $\alpha$o was that of the bare soil. The ap ranged from 0.025 to 0.035 and $\alpha$o ranged from 0.11 to 0.12, respectively. The reflected PAR ranged from 0.049 to 0.064 and the transmitted PAR ranged from 0.168 to 0.340 until maximum dry weights were observed. The slope from the linear regression of dry matter on absorbed PAR, conversion efficiency, ranged from 1.30 to 2.3g MJ$^{-1}$ during the growing season until maximum dry weight was reached. The total dry matter yield above ground (TDM) increased with the increases in the conversion efficiency. TDM was higher in Hwanggeumkong than Paldalkong and higher in the space of 30$\times$15cm than 60$\times$15cm, Paldalkong showed higher harvest index than Hwanggeumkong. than Hwanggeumkong.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.488-494
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• 2014

Twenty-eight Brangus cattle were used to determine the effect of copper and selenium supplementation on performance, feed efficiency, composition of fatty acids in Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, and cholesterol concentration in serum and in LD muscle and enzymes activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The treatments were: i) Control, without copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) supplementation; ii) Se, 2 mg Se/kg of dry matter such as sodium selenite; iii) Cu, 40 mg Cu/kg of dry matter such as copper sulfate; iv) Se/Cu, 2 mg Se/kg of dry matter such as sodium selenite and 40 mg Cu/kg of dry matter such as copper sulfate. LD muscle fatty acid composition was not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05). The serum concentration of cholesterol was not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05), however, the concentration of cholesterol in LD was lower in cattle supplemented with copper and selenium (p<0.05). Oxidized glutathione and reduced glutathione increased (p<0.05) with Cu, Se and Se/Cu supplementation. The supplementation of copper (40 mg/kg DM) and selenium (2 mg/kg DM) altered the metabolism of lipids in confined Brangus cattle, through a decrease in cholesterol deposition in the LD, possibly by changing the ratio between reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione. Copper and selenium supplementation improved animal performance and feed efficiency (p<0.05) when compared to the control group, providing advantages in the production system, while also benefiting consumers by reducing cholesterol concentration in the meat.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2018

The species of forage crops used in this study were Italian ryegrass (cv. Kowenery), sorghum (cv. SX17), proso millet (cv. domestic) and Japanese millet (cv. Jeju). The plant height of the summer crops was the highest at the dough stage. The dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass was 902.7 kg per 10 a. The dry matter yield of the winter crop and sorghum was 11,985 kg when harvested at the dough stage rather than at the first and second harvests. The proso and Japanese millet also had higher yields for dry matter during the dough stage rather than during heading and regeneration. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of Sorghum was lower than that of the first and second harvest; however, the proso and Japanese millet had a higher ADF content at the dough stage. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was higher at the dough stage than at the first and second harvest, and the crude protein content was also lower at the dough stage than at the first and second harvest. The crude protein production for the dry matter yield was about 84 kg in Sorghum when harvested at the dough stage. Proso millet showed no difference for the crude protein production at the heading and dough stage while the Japanese millet had a higher crude protein production. There were no differences in the total digestible nutrients (TDN) content for the three crops according to the harvesting time. Therefore, if Sorghum and Proso and Japanese millet are to be combined with Italian ryegrass, it is better to harvest them at the dough stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2013

This trial evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with monensin sodium on dry matter intake, metabolic parameters and milk yield and milk composition of dairy Saanen goats in the periparturient period. Twelve Saanen pregnant dairy goats were assigned to a treatment and a control group. Saanen goats were fed monensin as its 10% sodium salt in the amount of 33 mg/kg of total dry matter intake during 30 d before parturition till d 42 in milk. Blood samples were collected from each goat at d 30, 15 and 7 before expected kidding time and also in d 1, 7, 13, 19, 21, 28, 35 and 42 postpartum. The serum concentrations of ${\beta}$-Hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterifed fatty acid (NEFA), calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, total protein, albumin and glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were determined. The BHBA concentration significantly decreased in goats, which received monensin in comparison to controls in the postpartum period (p = 0.049). The concentration of sodium (Na) was significantly influenced by monensin treatment in the postpartum period (p = 0.048). In addition, the difference in dry matter intake was highly significant between the two groups during the pre-partum period. Controls had more dry matter intake (DMI) than treatment goats (p = 0.0001). Mean 3.5% fat corrected milk production was not influenced by monensin treatment. However, milk fat percentage was significantly decreased in monensin treated goats (p = 0.0017).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 1990

A field experiment was conducted to study both the distribution characteristics of shortwave radiation in the soybean canopy and its relationship with dry matter production. The soybean 'Paldalkong' was sown with the space of 45${\times}$10cm at Suwon on May 27. 1988. The extinction coefficient of solar radiation remained constant (0.53) after full canopy was reached. The 31.9% of the incoming solar radiation was transmitted. The reflected radiation from the plant canopy increased lineary with incoming solar radiation (R$^2$=0.9346). As leaf area index become larger than 2.5. the reflected radiation showed more significant linear relationship with the differences in the radiations between incoming and transmitted radiation than incoming solar radiation (R$^2$=0.9558). The mean reflectance during the growing period was 24.7%. A significant linear relationship (R$^2$=0.9930) had been admitted between the accumulated solar radiation intercepted by the canopy and dry matter production of 'Paldalkong' until the 35th day of ripening stage. The conversion efficiency of solar radiation intercepted to dry matter of soybean was 1.45g MJ$\^$-1/.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1989

Forty bull calves of Sahiwal crosses were fed either urea treated or untreated rice straw with 4 levels of Gliricidia (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg fresh material). Dry matter intake (DMI) of straw and Gliricidia was measured during 2 periods. Straw intakes in period 1 and 2 were significantly different (P<0.001). Supplementation of Gliricidia depressed the DMI of straw during the second period (P<0.01), but not in the first period. Urea-ammonia treatment increased straw intake and total intake in both periods, but the increase in dry matter digestibility (DMD) of the ration was not significant (P>0.05). Liveweight gain (LWG) was increased significantly, both by urea ammonia treatment (P<0.01) and by supplementation with Gliricidia (P<0.001). Animals on treated straw gained on an average $137\;g{\cdot}d^{-1}$ more than those on untreated straw.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.5-11
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• 1970

These works were conducted to investigate the differences of assimilatory productivity under various conditions of cultivation in mulberry trees with the punch method based on dry matter production. The results obtained are as follow： 1. The dry matter of mulberry leaves at 150cm to 200cm high in the morning and from 50cm to 100cm high in the afternoon were higher than other conditions. 2. In daily change of assimilatory, the production of the leaves from 150 cm to 200 cm high in the morning and from 50 cm to 100 cm high in tile afternoon were higher than other conditions. 3. The largest amount of leaf dry matter was produced in south outside of mulberry field, next east outside, and others showed on differences. 4. Increased assimilatory production was occured greatly not only east side of mulberry field from 7 A.M to 10 A.M but also south side of mulberry field from 10 A.M to 1 P.M. 5. In comparison of dry matter production of leaves among varieties, Suwon-sang No. 4 showed greatest amount and followed Sipyung, Kaeryangsuban, Rosang in order. In the varietal differences of assimilatory production per day, Suwonsang No. 4 was greatest and followed Kaeryrangsuban, Sipyung, Rosang in order, 6. Both of the rate of increasing leaf dry matter and net assimilation per day were greatest in the one-half cutting plot and some decreased in one-third cutting plot, in non-cutting plot in order.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1208-1214
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• 2007

Three male Gayal, two years of age and with a mean live weight of $203{\pm}26$ kg, and three adult Yunnan Yellow Cattle, with a mean live weight of $338{\pm}18$ kg were fed a ration of pelleted lucerne hay and used to collect rumen fluid for in vitro measurements of digestibilities and gas production from fermentation of a range of forages. The forages were: bamboo stems, bamboo twigs, bamboo leaves, rice straw, barley straw, annual ryegrass hay, smooth vetch hay and pelleted lucerne hay. There were significant (p<0.05) effects of the source of rumen fluid on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and gas production during fermentation of forage. For the roughage of lowest quality (bamboo stems and rice straw), gas production during fermentation was higher (p<0.05) in the presence of rumen fluid from Gayal than Yunnan Yellow Cattle. Differences for these parameters were found for the better quality roughages with gas production being enhanced in the presence of rumen fluid from Yunnan Yellow Cattle. Moreover, the IVDMD of investigated roughages was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Gayal than Yunnan Yellow Cattle. The results offer an explanation for the positive live weight gains recorded for Gayal foraging in their natural environment where the normal diet consists of poor quality roughages.