• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.205-208
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• 2005

Ah Myeong Dan (兒明丹) is Chinese patent medicine which is used for congenital fever and congenital boils in Korea. It consists of 11 kinds of powdered crude drugs. In powdered crude drugs, it is hard to identify each component by chemical analysis or morphological examination. However, the method of identification of powdered crude drugs has not been clearly established. Therefore, it is of interest to establish the microscopic method for identification of powdered crude drugs of Chinese patent medicines. The effectiveness of microscopic method is exemplified by the identification of tissue and contents of crude drugs by comparison with standard drugs. In this study, it is demonstrated that the microscopic method is very effective for the identification of 11 crude drug ingredients in Ah Myeong Dan.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.155.2-155.2
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• 2003

We previously reported the antimutagenicity, anti-lipid peroxidation and antiinflammtory properties of the three Chinese herb medicine, Kalopanax pictus, Pueraria thunbergiana and Rhus verniciflua, which have been used as therapeutics for diabetes mellitus and inflammation in Korea. Since these drugs have been used for the prescriptions consisted of several crude drugs, we investigated whether the extract of the three drugs could increase the individual drugs or not. The three extracts were independently prepared from K. pictus, P. thunbergiana, and R. verniciflua, which extracts were named the K-1, P-1 and R-1 in this order and the extract (KPR-1) was also prepared from the combined plant materials with each same weight of the three drugs. (omitted)

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2002

From the study of the definition of and intoxication, detoxication poisonous drug, the symptom and treatment of intoxication, andantidotes with DONG YUI BO GAM etc, it can be concluded as follows. 1. In ancint times, the poisonous drug was a drug which could treat diseases but after that it has been a drug which can injure one's health because it has severe property, poison or side effects 2. Intoxication means that poison goes and works in the body. Detoxication means treatment which clears the symptom of intoxication and removes the toxin in the body or on the body 3. At the intoxication's symptom, vomiting, madness, diarrhea, abdomianl pain, consumption are frequent in order 4. At the intoxication's treatment, vomiting method is used when poison is in the stomach, purgative method is used when poison is the intestine. 5. Mostly Hei-dou is used in drugs and Gan-kao. Qing-yan are used in order. 6. Mostly drugs of reliving fever are used in drugs. 7. Mostly cold drugs are used in drugs and warm, even, hot, cool drugs are used in order and mostly mild drugs are used in drugs and bitter, hot, salty, sore drugs are used in order.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2002

Polymer based physical mixtures or solid dispersions containing solubilizing compositions[OA, tween80 and SLS] were prepared using a spray-dryer. Lovastatin(LOS), simvastatin(SIMS), aceclofenac(AFC) and cisapride(CSP) were selected as poorly water-soluble drugs. Dextrin, poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA), poly(vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP) and polyethylene glycol(PEG) were chosen as solubilizing carriers for solid dispersions. The solid dispersions containing solubilizing compositions without drug were prepared without using organic solvents or tedious changes of formulation compositions. This system could be used to quickly screen the dissolution profiles of poorly water-soluble drugs by simply mixing with drugs thereafter. In case of solid dispersion containing drug, organic solvent systems could be used to solubilize model drugs. The dissolution rates of the drugs were higher when mixed with drug and solid dispersions containing solubilizing compositions. However, solid dispersions of LOS, AFC, and CSP simultaneously containing drug and solubilizing compositions in organic solvent systems were more useful than physical mixtures of drug and solid dispersions without drug except SIMS. Based on solubilizing capability of polymer based physical mixtures in gelatin hard capsules, optimal solid dispersion system of poorly water-soluble drugs could be formulated. However, it should be noted that dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs were highly dependent on drug properties, solubilizing compositions and polymeric carriers.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of perception on direct-to-consumer advertisement (DTCA) of prescription drugs between healthcare providers and consumers. Methods: The online and offline survey was conducted from May 26th to June 5th, 2013. The questionnaire was composed of 15 items about perception on DTCA of prescription drugs. Results: A total of 215 healthcare providers and 202 consumers responded to the questionnaire. Consumers had an overall positive attitude on permitting DTCA of prescription drugs and carried favorable views about the influence of the DTCA of prescription drugs on providing drug information, promoting communications between healthcare providers and consumers, and improving images of healthcare providers. Healthcare providers displayed negative perception for the needs of permitting the DTCA of prescription drugs compared to consumers. They showed somewhat skeptical perception about the influence of the DTCA of prescription drugs on necessities and efficiencies of delivering drug information, promoting communications between healthcare providers and consumers, and improving images of healthcare providers. Both healthcare providers and consumers were concerned about the increase of drug prices following the increase in advertisement expenses of pharmaceutical products. Conclusion: This study identified the perception differences on direct-to-consumer advertisements of prescription drugs between healthcare providers and consumers. This study could be of much help in the process of review on permitting DTCA of prescription drugs in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.232-238
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• 2017

Objective : An apparent increase of use of drugs affecting hemostasis in our neurosurgical department since the 1990s has encouraged us to investigate whether these drugs influence the clinical course and results of surgery for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Methods : This retrospective analysis included 178 patients admitted for CSDH from 2007 to 2011 who were divided into two groups : on drugs affecting hemostasis (40; 22%) and no bleeding disorders (138; 78%). Medications in the first group included oral anticoagulants (33; 82.5%), antiplatelets (5; 12.5%) and low molecular weight heparins (2; 5%). Results : The patients on drugs affecting hemostasis were older ($74.3{\pm}7.4$ vs. $68.4{\pm}14.8$; p-value 0.01) and the group without bleeding disorders had more head trauma history (61% vs. 38%, p-value 0.01). The groups did not differ in bilateral hematoma rates (25% vs. 20%, p-value=NS). At diagnosis, mean hematoma thickness was lower in patients on drugs affecting hemostasis ($18.7{\pm}7.4mm$ vs. $21.9{\pm}7.9mm$, p-value<0.01). Average stay of hospital was 1 day longer in patients on drugs affecting hemostasis ($11.7{\pm}4.1$ vs.$10.9{\pm}5.3$, p-value=NS) and was related to the necessity of bleeding disorder reversal. Mean neurological status at presentation was similar between the groups (p-value=NS) as was the likelihood of hematoma recurrence (p-value=NS). Glasgow Outcome Scale results were comparable. Conclusion : Patients on drugs affecting hemostasis are less often aware of a head trauma history, possibly suggesting a higher CSDH risk after minor trauma in this group. In these patients, smaller hematomas are symptomatic, probably due to faster hematoma formation. Drugs affecting hemostasis do not affect treatment results.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aimed to design manual of guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs in the disease of the aged. Method : First, we collected informations about guideline book for drug medication, and we investigated wishes of professors who are working for an oriental medicine at universities. Result & Conclusion : 1. The greater part of professors recognized necessity of guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs. 2. The basic stages of framing guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs are as follows. The first step is planning of framing guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs. The second step is organization of framing group and advisory committee for guideline book. The next steps are searching the core of items and making a searching all the literature and estimating the literature. And then, we should complete basic contents of guideline book in a row, and those must be examined thoroughly by external experts. Finally we can make public the guideline book for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs. If there are reform contents in the guideline book, we can amend contents and make public the revision guideline book again. 3. We need guideline information center for combined medicaion of the oriental and the western drugs in the disease of the aged for framing, wide-spread and development of guideline book. 4. We think that the guideline information center should be composed of a steering committee, a committee of controlling informations and advisory committee for guideline book.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.268-277
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• 2021

Background: Most antipsychotic drugs studies have been mainly conducted on side effects, randomized clinical trials, utilization rates, and trends. But there have been few studies on the influencing factors in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influencing factors on the outpatient prescription of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly patients. Methods: Active ingredients of antipsychotic drugs in Korea were selected according to the Korean Pharmaceutical Information Center (KPIC)'s classification. Data source was Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) claims data in 2020 and target patient group was the elderly patient group. We extracted patients who have been prescribed one or more antipsychotic drugs and visited only one medical institution. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test, negative binomial regression. Results: A number of outpatients were 245,197 and prescriptions were 1,379,092. Most characteristics of patients were 75-85 year's old, female, health insurance type, no disease (dementia, schizophrenia), atypical drugs, cci score (>2) and characteristics of medical institution were neurology in specialty, rural region, general hospitals. Results of regression showed that patient's characteristics and medical center characteristics had significant effect on the outpatient prescription of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly patients. Conclusion: This study suggests that national policy of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly patients, with the consideration of the patients' and medical institutions' characteristics, is needed.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

Objective : Many patients take antihypertensive drugs as well as herbal medicines at the same time in order to treat other symptoms or to keep their well-being. In this study, interactions between herbal medicines and synthetic antihypertensive drugs were analyzed. Methods : To investigate the interaction between herbal medicines and synthetic antihypertensive drugs, three electronic databases, including OASIS, Mediline and Sciencedirect were searched. Experimental and clinical studies on the interaction between herbal medicines and antihypertensive drugs were independently reviewed and included. Results : Analyzing selected studies, twenty herbs were found to interact with antihypertensive drugs. Herbs found to increase the antihypertensive effect were Panax ginseng, Carthamus tinctorius, Magnolia officinalis, Silybum marianum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Schisandra chinensis, Sophora flavescens, Piper nigrum, Curcuma longa, Ginkgo biloba, Juncus effuses and Hydrastis canadensis. In contrast, Commiphora myrrha, Rhodiola rosea, Hypericum perforatum, Eurycoma longifolia, and Daturae metel were found to inhibit the antihypertensive effect. Stephania tetrandra could increase or decrease the effect depending on the type of antihypertensive drug. Epedria sínica was suspected of pharmacodynamic interaction with antihypertensive drug. Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been reported to have serious side effects in combination with antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion : These results imply that when used in combination with herbal medicines and synthetic antihypertensive drugs, proper doses and herbs which are to avoid need to be informed to the patients. Despite concerns about interactions between herbal medicines and synthetic drugs, related research is very limited. More systematic researches are needed to give information on patient safety as well as to guide clinical practice.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-96
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• 1992

In recent years intranasal administration of drugs has received great attention as a convenient and efficent method of drug delivery because of its potential to improve the systemic effect of substances with a poor oral bioavailability. In addition to offering advantages such as rapid absorption, fast onset of action and avoiding the first -pass effect, it provides for delivery of drugs from very lipophilic drugs such as steroids to polar and hydrophilic drugs such as peptides and proteins. However, little is still known about the nature of various barriers existing in the nasal mucosae as well as mechanism by which these molecules are absorbed. This review article therefore intends to discuss nasal physiology, experimental methods and evaluation of absorption from the nasal cavity, factors influencing nasal absorption, mechanism of nasal absorption, approaches to improve the residence time and to obtain the sustained-release effect of intranasally administered drugs, promoters and mechanism for the enhancement of nasal absorption, Several examples for intranasal delivery of various systemically effective drugs will be reviewed and illustrated. Drug metabolism in the nasal mucosae and problems associated with intranasal administration of drugs will be also discussed.