• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.126-131
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 한국의 전통적인 식품인 비빔밥에서 2005년에서 2011년에 분리한 대장균에 대한 특성을 연구하였다. 전체 1,142건의 비빔밥에서 84 균주(7.4%)의 대장균이 분리되었다. 분리한 균주의 항생제 내성 분석 및 다제 내성 패턴은 ampicillin의 내성이 가장 높았으며 6 균주(7.2%)에서는 다제 내성을 보였다. 분리한 균주의 병원성 유전자 13종의 유무를 확인한 결과 5 균주(5.9%)에서 ent 유전자를 보유하여 STEC/EPEC 형의 대장균으로 분류되었다. 그러나 EIEC, EAEC, ETEC 형은 검출되지 않았다. 병원성 유전자가 검출되지 않은 대장균에 대한 혈청형은 O103 (1.2%), O91 (1.2%), O128 (6.0%)으로 확인되었고 O26, O157, O145, O111, O121 혈청형은 없었다. 동일한 O 혈청형 균주는 독소 유전자를 가지고 있는 것과 없는 것이 동시에 있다고 보고 되어 있고 혈청형으로 병원성 유전자를 구분하는 것은 균주의 특성에 따라 차이가 많이 나므로 향후 연구가 필요하다. 위해 요소가 있는 균주에 대해서 유전적 상동성을 시험한 결과 균주의 상동성이 낮아서 서로 다른 오염원에서 분리 되었음을 유추 할 수 있었다. 비빔밥은 다양한 재료를 사용하며 제조 과정이 복잡하기 때문에 대장균에 의한 오염의 가능성이 매우 높은 식품이다. 그러므로 원재료부터 완성까지 위생적으로 철저하게 조리해야 하며 교차 오염 방지 및 관리를 통해 안심하고 섭취할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.927-932
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• 1994

병원을 찾은 설사환자의 분변으로 부터 Salmonella sp.와 Shigella sp.을 분리하고 혈청형, 월별, 연령별분포 및 약제내성 양상을 조사하였다. 311명의 설사환자로 부터 34주(10.9%)의 Salmonella sp.와 25주(8%)의 Shigella sp.을 분리하였다. 분리된 Salmonella sp.의 혈청형은 group D(50%)가 가장 많았고, Shigella sp.은 대부분(96%)이 group D에 속하였다. 분리된 Salmonella sp.의 월별 및 연령별 분포는 계절과 연령에 크게 관계없이 분리되는 경향을 보였고, 이와는 달리 Shigella sp.은 7월(64%)과 10대(76%)에서 높은 분리율을 나타내었다. 분리균주에 대하여 약제내성을 조사한 결과 Shlmonella sp.는 streptomycin에 공시한 전 분리균이 내성을 나타내었고, erythromycin과 novobiocin(90.6%), penicillin G(65.6%) 및 cephalexin(46.9%)에, Shigella sp.는 erythromycin(95.8%), novobiocin(91.7%) 및 streptomycin(87.5%)에 각각 높은 내성을 나타내었다. 또한 Salmonella sp.와 Shigella sp.의 내성양상은 각각 18종류 및 4종류의 내성형으로 분포하고 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.898-908
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• 2016

Despite recent groundbreaking advances in multiple myeloma (MM) treatment, most MM patients ultimately experience relapse, and the relapse biology is not entirely understood. To define altered gene expression in MM relapse, gene expression profiles were examined and compared among 16 MM patients grouped by 12 months progression-free survival (PFS) after autologous stem cell transplantation. To maximize the difference between prognostic groups, patients at each end of the PFS spectrum (the four with the shortest PFS and four with the longest PFS) were chosen for additional analyses. We discovered that integrin-${\alpha}8$ (ITGA8) is highly expressed in MM patients with early relapse. The integrin family is well known to be involved in MM progression; however, the role of integrin-${\alpha}8$ is largely unknown. We functionally overexpressed integrin-${\alpha}8$ in MM cell lines, and surprisingly, stemness features including $HIF1{\alpha}$, VEGF, OCT4, and Nanog, as well as epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related phenotypes, including N-cadherin, Slug, Snail and CXCR4, were induced. These, consequently, enhanced migration and invasion abilities, which are crucial to MM pathogenesis. Moreover, the gain of integrin-${\alpha}8$ expression mediated drug resistance against melphalan and bortezomib, which are the main therapeutic agents in MM. The cBioPortal genomic database revealed that ITGA8 have significant tendency to co-occur with PDGFRA and PDGFRB and their mRNA expression were up-regulated in ITGA8 overexpressed MM cells. In summary, integrin-${\alpha}8$, which was up-regulated in MM of early relapse, mediates EMT-like phenotype, enhancing migration and invasion; therefore, it could serve as a potential marker of MM relapse and be a new therapeutic target.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1336-1342
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• 2005

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects as well as the safety aspects of lactobacilli as probiotic. Lactobacilli were isolated from poultry faecal samples, feed samples and from some known preparations procured from poultry feed manufacturers. L. acidophilus and L. sporogenes were tested for the antibacterial activity against four poultry pathogens viz. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell free supernatant (CFS) of L. acidophilus exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella spp. at original pH (4.50${\pm}$0.02). At the adjusted pH (6.50${\pm}$0.02) significantly higher antibacterial activity was recorded against indicator organism except for P. aeruginosa. Likewise, L. sporogenes exhibited similar antibacterial activity at original as well as adjusted pH except for E. coli. Antibacterial activity against E. coli was significantly higher at adjusted pH than at original pH of CFS. The competitive exclusion of E. coli by lactobacilli over the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) was checked. L. acidophilus strain I, which was of poultry origin, exhibited maximum attachment over IEC as compared to other three strains of non-poultry origin viz. L. acidophilus strain II, L. sporogenes strain I and II. Overall, L. acidophilus exhibited higher competitive exclusion as compared to L. sporogenes. All the lactobacilli of poultry origin were most sensitive to penicillin G, amoxycillin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol, least sensitive to sulphamethizole, ciprofloxacin, neomycin, norfloxacin and pefloxacin and resistant to metronidazole and nalidixic acid. The isolates from probiotic preparations were most sensitive to ampicillin, amoxycillin and tetracycline, least sensitive to sulphamethizole, norfloxacin, neomycin and ceftriazone and resistant to nalidixic acid and metronidazole. Eight of the multiple drug resistant lactobacilli isolates were studied for the presence of plasmids. Plasmids could be extracted from six isolates of lactobacilli. These plasmids could be responsible for bacteriocin production or for antibiotic resistance of the strains. The lactobacilli need further studies regarding their safety for use in the probiotic preparations.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

Bee venom is synthesized in the venom gland's of worker and queen bees and stored in their venom sacs. Bee venom is a rich source of enzymes, peptides and biogenic amines. there are at least 18 active components in the venom which have some pharmaceutical properties. This study was performed to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of bee venom against bacteria isolated from pjgs and chickens with disease. In case of reference strains, the MIC $({\mu}g/m{\ell})$ of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 6538 were 64, 64 and 32, respectively. In case of bacteria isolated from pig and chicken, the MIC of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus chromogenes were 8, 128 and 128, and that of 11 strains of Escherichia coli were 8 to >512 and that of 8 strains of Salmonella sup were >512. Antibacterial resistance test of 22 strains isolated from pig and chicken and 3 reference strains were performed by agar gel diffusion method, using 17 antibacterial drugs including penicillin, cefazolin, tetracycline and quinolone group. The multiple drug resistant patterns were found in most strains isolated from pig and chicken.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2007

Streptococcus spp. comprising Streptococcus (S.) uberis S. dysgalactiae strains is major causeof bovine mastitis from particularly well-managed or low somatic cell count herds that have successfullycontrolled contagious pathogens. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of S.uberis isolated from clinical or subclinical mastitis milk at 2003 were investigated. Eighty seven isolatesof Streptococus spp. were identified by the conventional biochemical methods. The antimicrobialsusceptibility by disk diffusion method was determined for 46 S. uberis, 11 S. bovis, 10 S. oralis, 6 S.uberis and 14 other Streptococcus spp.. Overall, the tested strains were susceptible to tetracycline (11.5%),amikacin (14.9%), streptomycin (16.1%), neomycin (26.4%), kanamycin (35.6%), gentamicin (65.2%),oxacillin (70.1%), ampicillin (75.9%), chloramphenicol (78.2%), and cephalothin (97.7%). Additionally, S.uberis strains were susceptible to pencillin G (97.8%), but resistant to erythromycin (76.0%) by minimalinhibitory concentration test. The multiple-drug resistance rate of isolated bacteria to 4 more thanamplification fingerprinting patterns amplifed with primer 8.6d showed that 3 to 8 number of distinguishableDNA fragments ranged from 180 bp to 1,20 bp. Thirty seven isolates of S. uberis strains were subtypedinto 8 distinct patterns. Each subtype revealed a typical pattern of antimicrobial susceptibilities. Thesefindings demonstrate that S. uberis isolates were mastitis pathogens of diverse serotypes, and oftenencountered the diverse resistant patterns.

• Acute and Critical Care
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2018

Background: Infection by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens leads to poor patient outcomes in intensive care units (ICUs). Contact precautions are necessary to reduce the transmission of MDR pathogens. However, the importance of the surrounding environment is not well known. We studied the effects of ICU relocation on MDR respiratory pathogen detection rates and patient outcomes. Methods: Patients admitted to the ICU before and after the relocation were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics, types of respiratory pathogens detected, antibiotics used, and patient outcomes were measured. Results: A total of 463 adult patients admitted to the ICU, 4 months before and after the relocation, were included. Of them, 234 were admitted to the ICU before the relocation and 229 afterward. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and underlying comorbidities, did not differ between the two groups. After the relocation, the incidence rate of MDR respiratory pathogen detection decreased from 90.0 to 68.8 cases per 1,000 patient-days, but that difference was statistically insignificant. The use of colistin was significantly reduced from 53.5 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.3 to 86.7 days) to 18.7 days (95% CI, 5.6 to 31.7 days). Furthermore, the duration of hospital stay was significantly reduced from a median of 29 days (interquartile range [IQR], 14 to 50 days) to 21 days (IQR, 11 to 39 days). Conclusions: Incidence rates of MDR respiratory pathogen detection were not significantly different before and after ICU relocation. However, ICU relocation could be helpful in reducing the use of antibiotics against MDR pathogens and improving patient outcomes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2019

Ceramide metabolism is known to be an essential etiology for various diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and Gaucher disease. Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer), which is a main ceramide metabolism pathway in mammalian cells. In this article, we developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine GCS activity using synthetic non-natural sphingolipid C8-ceramide as a substrate. The reaction products, C8-GlcCer for GCS, could be separated on a C18 column by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantification was conducted using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to monitor the precursor-to-product ion transitions of m/z $588.6{\rightarrow}264.4$ for C8-GlcCer at positive ionization mode. The calibration curve was established over the range of 0.625-160 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient was larger than 0.999. This method was successfully applied to detect GCS in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2 cells) and mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We also evaluated the inhibition degree of a known GCS inhibitor 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) on GCS enzymatic activity and proved that this method could be successfully applied to GCS inhibitor screening of preventive and therapeutic drugs for ceramide metabolism diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and Gaucher disease.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.414-429
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• 2021

Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed the effects of 2% chlorhexidine bathing on the incidence of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in adult intensive care units. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and RISS database were systematically searched, and 12 randomized studies were included in the analysis. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3.0 was used to calculate the effect size using the odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analysis was performed according to the specific infection and intervention types. Results: In general, 2% chlorhexidine bathing has a significant effect on the incidence of HAI (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40~0.86) and MDRO (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34~0.79). Subgroup analyses show 2% chlorhexidine bathing is effective in bloodstream infections (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39~0.66) but not for urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia infections, and Clostridium difficile infections. Moreover, 2% chlorhexidine bathing alone or its combination with other interventions has a significant effect on the incidence of HAI and MDRO (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38~0.92). Conclusion: This meta-analysis reveals that 2% chlorhexidine bathing significantly reduces the incidence of HAI and MDRO in intensive care units. The effect of 2% chlorhexidine bathing on pediatric patients or patients at general wards should be further assessed as a cost-effective intervention for infection control.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2008

목 적 : 국내의 소아에서의 폐구균 혈청형의 분포양상 및 변화를 알아보는 것은 중이염의 예방과 치료 계획을 수립하는 데 있어 매우 중요하다. 단일기관에서의 경험을 토대로 중이염에서의 폐구균의 혈청형 분포양상을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2001년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 세브란스병원에서 중이염으로 진단받은 15세 미만의 소아 중 동반된 이루의 배양검사에서 폐구균이 분리된 경우를 대상으로 혈청형과 항생제 감수성을 알아보았다. 결 과 : 모두 54명의 환아로부터 54개의 검체를 얻었으며 이 들의 연령의 중앙값은 13개월이었고 5세 미만의 환아가 차지하는 비율은 81%였다. 혈청형 빈도는 19A(44%), 19F(28%), 6B(7%), 6A(4%), 9V(4%), 1(4%) 등의 순이었다. 전체 혈청형 중 19A와 19F가 차지하는 비율이 72%이었으며, 특히 5세 미만의 소아에서는 84%나 차지하여 5세 이상 소아에서의 20%에 비해 높은 비율을 보였다.(P<0.001) 연도별 19A나 19F이 차지하는 비율은 차이가 없었으며, 7가 단백결합 폐구균백신 도입 이전과 이후 시기 사이에도 차이가 없었다. 전체 폐구균 중 백신혈청형이 차지하는 비율은 43%이었다. 진단 이전 7가 단백결합 폐구균백신을 접종한 3명의 환아에서 동정된 혈청형은 모두 19A였다. 혈청형 별 항생제 비감수성 폐구균의 비율에서 19A는 다른 비백신혈청형에 비해 페니실린, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 등에 비감수성 비율이 더 높았다. 다제 내성률도 다른 비백신혈청형에서 29%인데 반해 19A에서는 96%였다.(P=0.001) 결 론 : 5세 미만의 중이염 환아의 이루에서 분리된 폐구균 중 19A가 가장 흔한 혈청형이었고 매우 높은 다제 내성률을 보였다.