• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 1999

To investigate less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was isolated from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (pers.) Karst. Anti-varicella zoster virus (Oka strain; anti-VZV/Oka) activity of EA was examined in MRC-5 cells by plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with nucleoside anti-VZV agents, acyclovir and vidarabine, were examined on the multiplication of VZV/Oka. EA exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VZV/Oka with a 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of $464.14\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was calculated by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combination of EA with acyclovir showed more potent synergism with CI values of $0.18{\sim}0.62$ for $50{\sim}90%$ effective levels than that of EA with vidarabine with CI values of $0.67{\sim}1.04$.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2001

A combined anesthesia in terms of balanced anesthesia has been widely used for enhancement of anesthetic potency, decrement of dosage, reduction of side effects and better muscle relaxation. Recently, tiletamine/zolazepam (T/Z) has been widely used for the general anesthesia in dogs, but there have been few studies on balanced anesthesia of this drug in combination with other drugs. In this experiment, the combinations of T/Z with acepromazine or fentanyl/xylazine/azaperone (F/X/A) have been compared for the anesthetic effects in dogs. Healthy 5 mongrel dogs were allocated into three treatment groups ; Group Z (atropine + T/Z), Group A + Z (atropine/acepromazine + T/Z) in runs of 10 replication. The rapid induction of anesthesia was shown in all three treatment groups. The maintenance time of anesthesia was significanty increased to 101.4$\pm$6.2 minutes (44 min. more than that of group Z) in Group A + Z and 127.4$\pm$4.7 minutes (70 min. more than that of group Z) in Group F + Z, respectively. The recovery from anesthesia was rapid in Group F + Z. In blood analysis, there was no significant variation in three groups but hyperglycemia in Group F + Z. These results indicate that the balanced anesthesia of T/Z with F/X/A was superior to other two methods for maintaining and recovering from the anesthesia, and could be applied for general anesthesia in dogs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.543-552
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• 2020

For efficient prevention and treatment of enteric colibacillosis, understanding about latest virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli is essentially needed. The aim of this study was to survey antimicrobial resistance and determine the prevalence of fimbriae and enterotoxin genes among 118 pathogenic E. coli isolates obtained from Korean pigs with diarrhea between 2016 and 2017. The genes for the toxins and adhesins were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to antimicrobials were tested using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The most prevalent fimbrial antigen was F18 (40.7%), followed by F4 (16.9%), and the most prevalent combinations of toxin genes were Stx2e (21.2%), STb:EAST-1 (19.5%), and STa:STb (16.9%), respectively. Among the pathotypes, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was the most predominant (67.8%), followed by Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC, 23.7%). We confirmed high resistance rates to chloramphenicol (88.1%), tetracycline (86.4%), streptomycin (86.4%), and ampicillin (86.4%). And the majorities of isolates (90.7%) showed multi-drug resistance which means having resistance to 3 or more subclasses of antimicrobials. Results of this study can be a source of valuable data for investigating the epidemiology of and control measures for enteric colibacillosis in Korean piggeries.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

MIC test of 16 chemotherapeutic agents was performed on 24 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda collected from flounders. They revealed resistance against combinations of ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, flumequine, doxycycline(DOXY), nalidixic acid, novobiocin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline(OTC), thiamphenicol(TP) and sulfonamide. Two strains carried transferable R plasmid encoding Otc Kanamycin Tp and Otc chloramphenicol Doxy Tetracycline Tp, respectively. The R plasmids were not similar each other on the basis of their digestion pattern of restriction endonuclease, suggesting distribution of different transferable R plasmid among E. tarda from flounders.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2000

Even the pharmacotherapy is more effective than placebo for the treatment of depression, the outcome of pharmacoltherapy remains unsatisfactory for many patients. Apart from side effects, there are two major limitations of antidepressant therapy. One is the delayed onset of improvement and another is partial response. In order to address these clinical dilemmas, many psychiatrists more commonly employ add-on therapy. In past, the practice of using multiple drugs to enhance treatment response was called polypharamcy, and was disparaged as poor clinical practice. However, with improved understanding of how drugs affects the central nervous system and increased communication in journals and on computer networks about the relative merits of specific combinations, the scientific basis for the combining drugs is being defined. Indeed, the use of multiple medications as a stratege to enhance response has become both acceptable and widespread now a days. It is now referred to more positively as add-on therapy, co-medication, combination therapy, or drug augmentation. Thus, as the methods of practical strategies for treatment of depression, switching classes antidepressant drugs, combination therapy, augmentation strategies and brief treatment algorithm will be presented with items of considerations. However, when combination of drugs being tried, knowledges about the action of mechanism, pharamcokinetics, and pharmacodynamics are essential to cope with the possible adversive reactions and to get the appropriate responses for the treatment of depressive symptoms.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.670-678
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• 1996

The combinations of N-4-salicyloamido-2-amino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide (Salmi) and two transitional metals were colored. Among metals, Fe(III) made a distinct colored comp lex with Salmi. The mole ratio of Salmi and Fe(III) in the complex was 1:1. This Salmi-Fe(III) complex was recrystallized in Hexane/Acetone(=10/1, v/v) and investigated its physicochemical properties. The color of this complex was changed by pH.; deep violet pink in acids, orange in neutral, and yellow in bases. The range of color change was approximately 0.7 pH unit. Acid-base titration of various acidic or basic drugs using Salmi-Fe(III) complex as an indicator showed good accuracy and reproducibility.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was prepared from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst. Antiviral activity of EA against vesicular stomatitis virus [Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was examined in Vero cells using plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha or gamma were examined on the multiplication of VSV(IND). EA caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VSV(IND) with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of $104.02\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was analysed by the multiple drug effect analysis. All cases of the combination of EA with IFN alpha or IFN gamma showed potent synergism with CI values of $0.38{\sim}0.52$ for $50{\sim}90%$ effective levels.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 2006

Although AIMP1 (previously known as p43) is one of three auxiliary proteins bound to a macromolecular aminoacyl tRNA complex, it is also secreted as a cytokine controlling both angiogenesis and immune responses. Here we show that systemically administered purified recombinant human AIMP1 had anti-tumor activity in mouse xenograft models. In Meth A-bearing Balb/c mice, tumor volume increased about 28 fold in the vehicle treatment group, while an increase of about 16.7 fold was observed in the AIMP1-treated group. We also evaluated the anti-tumor activity of AIMP1 in combination with a sub-clinical dose of the cytotoxic anti-tumor drug, paclitaxel. The growth of NUGC-3 human stomach cancer cells was suppressed by 84% and 94% by the combinations of 5 mg/kg paclitaxel + 25 mg/kg AIMP1 (p = 0.03), and 5 mg/kg paclitaxel + 50 mg/kg AIMP1 (p = 0.02), respectively, while 5 mg/kg paclitaxel alone suppressed growth by only 54% (p = 0.02). A similar cooperative effect of AIMP1 and paclitaxel was observed in a lung cancer xenograft model. These results suggest that AIMP1 may be useful as a novel anti-tumor agent.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

Ginseng is described as the "King of all herbs, "Man-root" or "Root of heaven" and regarded as the most powerful herbal remedy, particularly grown in Korea, China, Japan, Vietnam, and North America. It has been in existence for a long time. The most demanded herbal cure, Ginseng, principally the root, has long been employed in traditional Asian medicine. The extent of availability of bioactive combinations and their impact on the body differs between American and Asian ginseng. Asian ginseng, also known as Panax ginseng, has a more calming influence and is more advantageous than American ginseng, such as Panax quinquefolius. The pharmaceutical aspect of development and extraction with diverse morphological properties is examined. Saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, polyacetylenes, amino acids, vitamins, volatile oil, enzymes are all present in the Phyto-content of Ginseng. Ginsenosides are saponins that are constituents of the triterpenoid dammarane and have anticancer, anti-cardiovascular, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ginseng, in particular, has the possibility to help with microbial invasion, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and diabetes. It developed nanoparticles and nanocomposite film technologies as novel drug delivery platforms for cancer, inflammation, and neurological illnesses. Furthermore, it offers a range of applications that will be vital for future growth.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 2021

Through bio-guided isolation, two natural iron chelators were isolated from Mangifera indica L. leaves, identified as mangiferin (1) and iriflophenone-3-C-𝛽-D-glucoside (2). Their iron-chelating activity was compared to that of Desferal^® using bipyridyl assay and EDTA as a standard. Mangiferin showed the highest activity with IC₅₀ value of 0.385 mM (162.85 ㎍/mL). Furthermore, two combinations of mangiferin with Desferal^® (M-D) and iriflophenone-3-C-𝛽-D-glucoside (M-I) were evaluated. The results showed that mangiferin potentiated the iron chelation activity of Desferal^® about 46%, also that M-I combination is a promising candidate formula for iron chelation therapy. In addition, mangiferin and Desferal-iron complexes were prepared and characterized by IR, UV, and Mass spectra to compare their mode of chelation to iron. Their structural stability was studied by DFT calculations. Furthermore, they displayed increased ABTS antioxidant activity when bound to iron as compared to their free form, which enhances their pharmacological importance.