• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.477-484
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• 1986

The interaction of myofibrillar protein with lipid or oxidized lipid was considered to be mostly contributing to the drop of digestibility of fish meat products. The digestibility of myofibrillar protein was $92.11\%$ for flounder and $88.04\%$ for hairtail fish, repectively, and as a rule it decreased as both the amount of lipid and reaction time increased. It also decreased with increase in the amount of added linoleate and oxidized linoleate. However, when the reaction continued for 6 hours or more the digestibility rather increased, which was provably due to the unfolding of protein structure. The hot air dried hairtail fish showed the lowest C-PER values among all dried fish products. The protein quality of flounder, hairtail fish and their dried ones except hot air dried ones measured by C-PER procedure were superior to that of ANRC casein. DC-PER values of all samples were greater than those of C-PER values and the greater discrepancies were noted in hairtail fish (fatty fish) products which possessed the lower in vitro protein digestibilities. Predicted diegstibilities, which were calculated using amino acid profiles, of all samples except raw ones were overestimated in comparison with in vitro protein digestibilities. From the observations so far, formation of complex of lipids and protein was thought to be the most important factor in lowering protein digestibility of the dried fish meat products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2019

Objective: This study was to investigate the nutrient ileal digestibility of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae and compare with those of three animal protein by-products in growing pigs. Methods: A total of 12 crossbred ($[Landrace{\times}Yorkshire]{\times}Duroc$) growing pigs with average body weights of $24.12{\pm}0.68kg$ were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas after being deprived of feed for 24 h according to published surgical procedures. These pigs had a recovery period of two weeks. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design. Dietary treatments included the following: i) Fish meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% fish meal; ii) Meat meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% meat meal; iii) Poultry meal, cornvegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% poultry meal; iv) Tenebrio molitor, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% dried Tenebrio molitor larvae. Results: Results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Lys was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal diet. Pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet showed increased (p<0.05) AID of His and Arg compared to pigs fed Fish meal or Meat meal diet. The AID of Cys was increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed poultry meal and Tenebrio molitor diets compared to that in pigs fish meal diet. Pigs fed meat meal, poultry meal, and Tenebrio molitor diets showed higher (p<0.05) standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of total energy compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. The SID of Arg was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal or meat meal diet. Furthermore, pigs fed poultry meal or Tenebrio molitor diets showed increased (p<0.05) SID of Cys compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. Conclusion: In conclusion, providing pigs with diets that contained Tenebrio molitor larvae meal improved AID and SID of nutrients as well as essential and non-essential amino acids. The digestibility of dried mealworm larvae protein and its utilization in vivo are also good. Therefore, dried mealworm larvae protein can be used as protein source at 10% level in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.263-274
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• 1991

Digestibilities of nutrients and energy are among the most important parameters to be determined in feed evaluation research. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, total carbohydrate (TCHO), fat, energy and amino acids were determined for 14 common feed ingredients using chromic oxide as external indicator with Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio). The ingredients tested were; corn, corn starch, gelatinized starch, wheat middling, wheat grade inferior, corn gluten meal, rapeseed meal (solvent extracted), soybean meal (solvent extracted), blood meal (drum dried), feather meal(hydrolyzed), file fish meal (flame dried), sardine fish meal (steam dried), sardine fish meal (flame dried) and brewers yeast (dehydrated). The overall ADC values were high in Israeli carp showing high capacity to digest their feed ingredients irrespective of plant or animal sources. In addition the ADC of plant protein was high enough to support the successful supplementation of fish meal with other plant proteins.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1394-1398
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• 2006

pH 전이공정에 따라 어육 단백질을 회수하고 드럼건조하여 분말 단백질을 제조한 후, 이들 단백질의 몇 가지 식품학적 기능성을 측정하였다. 건조 어육 단백질 분말의 용해도는 pH 7.0으로 조절한 단백질이 PH 5.5에 비하여 높았다. 유화활성지표는 $0.035\sim0.043m^2/g-protein$(pH 5.5 단백질 분말)로 비교적 낮았다. 그리고 유화안정성, 거품능 및 거품안정성은 관측되지 않았다. 점도 값은 수리미 단백질의 1/10에 불과한 $50,200\sim39,000\;cP$의 범위였다. 수분과 지방흡착능력은 각각 $2.63\sim2.89g-water/g$과 $2.13\sim2.17g-oil/g$이었고, 입자의 크기와 pH에 따른 영향은 없었다. 이 같은 실험 결과는 지방흡착을 위한 육의 대체제로 patty 제품 등에 건조 어육 단백질을 적용할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.241-247
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• 1998

Fish extracts were processed at high temperature (136.7 ~14$0^{\circ}C$) for possible use as functional food ingredients. Raw fish meats and those hydrothermal extracts were compared with respect to in vitro and in vivo protein qualities. 95% of fat inraw meats was reduced in extracts but there were not remarkable changes in other macronutrients in freeze-dried extracts. Most of essential amino acids were decreased significantly but two times more proline and glycine were detected in extracts. High temperature cooking resulted 2.1 ~3.7 times of higher total free amino acid content infish extracts compared iwth raw meat, and taurine and glutamic acid were increased especially. Severe protein damages were occurred when invitro protein quality indices such as availblae lysine, hydrophilic browing, trypsin inhibitor formation and in vitro protein digestibility were measured on fish extracts. In vivo protein qualities were also strongly influenced by high temperature ; however rat-body-weight gain was nearly zero during PER assay, and rat PER or NPR of fish extracts were significantly lower (p<0.001) than those of cotnrol (ANRC casein) and original raw fish meats.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.390-398
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• 2015

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the use of distillers dried grain (DDG) as a partial replacement for fish meal in the diet for juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Four iso-nitrogenous (50% crude protein) and iso-caloric (4.3 kcal/g) diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, and DDG21) were formulated to contain 0, 7, 14, and 21% DDG. Triplicate groups of juvenile rockfish (initial body weight, $10.2{\pm}0.2g$) were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiety twice a day (09:00 and 17:00) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, survival of rockfish was above 97% and not affected by dietary DDG levels (P>0.05). Weight gain, feed efficiency and daily feed intake of juvenile rockfish were significantly decreased with increase of dietary DDG levels (P<0.05). Condition factor, hepatosomatic index and visceralsomatic index of juvenile rockfish were not significantly affected by dietary DDG levels (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of the whole body and dorsal muscle in juvenile rockfish fed the experimental diets (P>0.05). Therefore dietary inclusion of DDG as a replacement for fish meal could depress the growth of juvenile rockfish.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM) as an alternative source of protein to fish meal on growth response, retention of nutrient, hematological factors, immune system, and intestinal integrity in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weanling pigs (initial bodyweight of 6.27 ± 0.15 kg; 21 d) were distributed based on the bodyweight between 3 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment including 10 piglets per replicate. The diets corresponding to treatments consisted of a fish meal diet (CON), a fish meal-dried mealworm diet (TM1, 50% replacement of fish meal with TM meal), and a dried mealworm diet (TM2, 100% replacement of fish meal with TM meal). This study was performed in two phases as phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and phase 2 (d 15 to 28). The pigs in the TM2 treatment showed a greater gain to feed ratio compared with the TM1 pigs in phase 1. Throughout the experimental period, the average daily gain (ADG) of the TM1 pigs was significantly greater than that of the TM2 treatment. The IgG concentration was increased in the TM1 and TM2 treatments compared with the CON pigs in phase 1. In conclusion, the supplementation of TM meal (50% replacement of fish meal) did not show any adverse effects in the performance of weanling pigs, however, 100% replacement of fish meal with TM meal is not recommended.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1996

여러 가지 어분의 이용성을 검토하기 위해 어분의 종류와 혼합비를 달리한 실험사료로 2회에 걸쳐 사육 실험을 실시하였다. 단백질원으로 북양어분 간접식을 $100\%$ 첨가한 사료와 북양어분을 갈색어분으로 $100\%$ 대체한 2종류의 실험사료를 제조하여 평균체중 5.7g의 조피볼락을 대상으로 45일간 사육한 결과, 최종평균체중, 증중율 및 사료효율 모두 갈색어분 첨가구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮은 값을 보인 반면 (P<0.05), 일간 사료섭취량, 단백질 및 지질축적율과 단백질 및 지질의 외견상 소화율은 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 단백질원으펀 북양어분 간접식 $100\%$ 첨가구 (대조구)와 북양어된 간접식을 북양어분 직접식으로 $50\%$ 및 $100\%$ 대체한 실험구, 갈색어분으로 $50\%$ 및 $100\%$ 대체한 실험구 및 어류가수분해단백질로 $50\%$ 대체한 실험구를 설정하여 평균체중 86.6g의 조피볼락을 21주간 사육한 결과, 사육기간에 따른 체중의 변화는 사료간에 거의 차이가 없이 직선적으로 증가하였으며, 최종평균체중, 증중율, 사료효율, 지질축적율은 어분종류에 따른 유의차가 인정되지 않았다(P>0.05). 단백질축적율은 갈색어분 $50\%$ 대체구가 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였으나(P<0.05), 모든 실험구의 값이 $22.4\~25.0\%$의 범위로 큰 차이는 없었다. 두 실험 모두 전어체의 단백질 및 지질 함량은 사료의 어분종류나 첨가비에 따른 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 위의 결과들로 보아 성장효과가 어체 크기에 따라 달라짐을 알 수 있고, 성장함에 따라 어분 이용성의 선택 폭이 넓어지므로 어체 크기에 따라 배합사료의 주 단백질원을 적절히 조정하여 값비싼 북양 어분 간접식은 다른 값싼 어분으로 일부 또는 완전히 대체 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 1998

One growth trial and one digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of HP300, a commercially processed soybean meal product for weanling pigs. Dried whey, fish meal and/or full fat extruded soybeans (FFES) as well as portions of soybean meal (SBM) were replaced with HP300 in weanling pig diets. The objectives were to investigate the effects of HP300 on growth performance, digestibility, ileal amino acid digestibility and blood amino acid concentration in weanling pigs. One hundred and twenty crossbred $(Duroc{\times}Beijing\;Black{\times}Landrace)$ pigs weaned at 28 days of age were used in the growth trial. The pigs were randomly allocated to five treatments, with three pens per treatment and eight pigs per pen. The trial duration was 28 days. The control (CTRL) diet contained no HP300; in treatments 2, 3 and 4, dried whey and fish meal were replaced by 3.0%, 7.5% and 10.5% HP300; in treatment 5, full fat extruded soybeans were replaced by 10.5% HP300 plus soybean oil to attain the same metabolic energy content as FFES. Five T-cannulated barrows were used in a digestibility trial with a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design to determine nitrogen retention and amino acid ileal digestibility of HP300 used alone or mixed with other ingredients. The results indicated that replacement of dried whey, fish meal, full fat extruded soybeans and a part of the soybean meal with HP300 in piglet diets improved average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). There was a trend toward improved DM, crude protein and amino acid ileal digestibilities and improved protein and amino acid ileal digestibilities and improved protein net availability with the use of HP300 in swine diets.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2020

Fish roe is among the most valuable food resources produced by fisheries. Raw fish roe requires processing for conversion into hygienic, marketable, and consumer-acceptable forms. In this study, to investigate the food compositional characteristics of various types of fish roe, we applied vacuum freeze-drying to prepare fish roe concentrates (FRCs) from roe of Alaska pollack Theragra chlcogramma, bastard halibut Paralichythys olivaceus, and skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis. The FRC yield ranged from 22.7 to 26.7 g/100 g roe. The major constituents of FRCs were protein (65.4-79.6%), moisture (2.8-6.2%), lipids (8.5-18.3%), and ash (4.8-7.2%). Potassium, sulfur, sodium, and phosphorus were the major mineral elements of FRCs, and the major amino acids were aspartic acid (9.0-10.4 g/100 g protein), glutamic acid (13.2-14.5 g/100 g protein), lysine (8.4-8.6 g/100 g protein), and leucine (8.3-9.7 g/100 g protein). Vacuum freeze-dried FRCs differed among fish species in terms of amino acid composition and electrophoresis protein band distribution. Therefore, FRCs are an excellent source of protein nutrition and an appropriate protein fortification material in human foods or animal feed.