• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.250-255
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• 2003

The effects of dichlorornethane (CH$_2$C$_2$), ethylacetate (EtOAc) or water ($H_2O$) fraction of Korean cabbage kimchi on anti-oxidative enzyme activities of the heart, kidney and lung of rabbit fed 1% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks were studied. The amount of kimchi fraction added to the 100 g of diet was 8.3 mg of CH$_2$C1$_2$,5.6mg of EtOAc, and 221.9 mg of $H_2O$, which are equivalent to 5% of freeze-dried kimchi in the diet. Each group had 6 rabbits and rabbit was housed individually. Lipid peroxide values for the heart was the highest followed by lung and kidney. But the activities of catalase and GSH-px were the lowest in the heart and the highest in the kidney. Activities of anti -oxidative enzymes (catalase, GSH-px, Mn-SOD, Cu, Zn-SOD) of rabbits fed kimhi solvent fractions added diets were lower than those of the control which fed 1% cholesterol diet. Among kimchi groups, CH$_2$Cl$_2$ group showed the lowest (p<0.05) enzymes activities. Lipid accumulation in these organs fed diets with kimchi solvent fractions, especially with CH$_2$C1$_2$fraction, were lower than that of the control. Therefore, production of the lipid free radicals might be suppressed and the activities of anti -oxidative enzymes responsible for removing the free radicals seemed to be lowered in kimch frachoin-fed rabbits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.913-920
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• 2001

The effect of kimchi pill supplementation on plasma lipid concentration of middle aged healthy people were studied. Freeze-dried mustard leaf added (30%) Korean cabbage kimchi and powdered glutinous parch were used to prepare kimchi and placebo pill, respectively. Experimental group if six participants took 3 g of freeze-dried kimchi as a pill daily for 6 weeks which is equivalent to 30 g of fresh kimchi and control group of six people took same amount of placebo. The diet intakes for the kimchi and placebo group fairly remained unchanged during 6 weeks of trial. When the effect of kimchi pill supplementation was expressed as average percentage changes based on each individual changes, the plasma triglyceride concentration of kimchi pill group was sig-nificantly decreased by 16.8% during trial (p<0.05)while that of placebo group increased by 9.8%, But no changes in plasma and LDL cholesterol concentrations of both groups were observed. HDL cholesterol of kimchi pill group significantly increased by 11.7%(p<0.05), therefore the ratio LDL/HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased by 6.7%(p<0.05) while that for the placebo group increased. The atherogenic index at the kimchi group was also significantly decreased by 10.8%(p<0.05). Kimchi supplementation seemed to have beneficial effects on controlling plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol in middle aged men.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.814-818
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• 2002

The effects of dichloromethane (CH$_2$C1$_2$), ethylacetate (EtOAc) or water ($H_2O$) fraction of Korean cabbage kimhi on accumulation of lipids in the heart, kidney and lung of rabbit fed 1% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks were studied. The amount of kimhi fraction added to the 100 g of diet was 8.3 mg of CHaC12.5.6 W of EtOAc, and 221.9 mg of $H_2O$, which are equivalent to 5% of freeze-dried kimhi added to the diet. Each group had 6 rabbits and rabbit was housed individually. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of three organs were noticeably decreased due to these solvent fractions of kimhi but for phospholipid and total lipids, only CH$_2$C1$_2$ fraction group showed decreasing effects. In the heart, compared to the control, cholesterol concentrations for CE$_2$C1$_2$, EtOAc, and H2O fraction group were decreased by 42 (P<0.05),21 (P<0.05), and 8%, respectively, and triglyceride for these groups were decreased by 29 (p<0.05),4, and 11%, respectively. In kidney, cholesterol concentration for CH$_2$C1$_2$, EtOAc, and H2O fraction group were decreased by 23, 12, and 11%, respectively (p<0.05) and triglyceride concentration for CH$_2$Cl$_2$ and H2O fraction groups were significantly decreased by 51 and 21%, respectively (p<0.05). In lung, cholesterol concentrations for CItCIB, EtOAc, and H2O fraction groups were decreased by 37,20, and 22%, respectively (p<0.05) and triglyceride concentration of these groups were significantly decreased by 39, 28, and 28%, respectively (p<0.05). And phospholipid and total lipid of CH$_2$CI$_2$ fraction group were significantly decreased by 33 and 34% respectively (p<0.05). Among three organs the cholesterol content of lung was the highest followed kidney and heart. For triglyceride, heart, kidney and lung is in the order of showing the highest concentration. The phospholipid concentration was not significantly different among three organs. According to these results, we may conclude that CH$_2$C1$_2$, fraction of kimhi might have the most active component, which decreases cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipids concentrations in heart, kidney, and lung of rabbit fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1660-1666
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to investigate the basic data that could make out a menu reflected by students' preference to increase the intake of vegetable food through the cooking method of favorite vegetables. For the investigation, 585 middle school students in Seoul and Ansan area were surveyed. In the preference of food items, the meat food was more preferred to the vegetable food. Also, the reasons that students do not eat vegetable provided were 'bad taste' and 'unfavorite vegetable'. The preference analysis for vegetable showed that stem and leaf vegetables, root vegetables and fruits & vegetables were in the order of perilla leaver, celery and cabbage, sweet potato, potato, and dried radish cube and tomato, sweet pumpkin and cucumber, respectively. The preference was three kinds of vegetables that were more delicious than frequently eaten in home. The preference analysis for cooking method of vegetables showed that stem and leaf vegetables, root vegetables and fruits & vegetables were in the order of boiled rice, soup/stew, and salads, boiled rice, fried food and salads, salad, soups/stew and raw seasoned vegetables, respectively. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to increase the vegetable intake. According to the results of this study, it should be needed to develop menus integrating vegetables and its cooking methods that students preferred and disliked are needed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.430-437
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• 2020

This is an approach study on the sensory properties (taste and odor) of 15 types of Korean conventional soups and stews using electronic nose and tongue. The relative sensor intensity for the taste components of the samples using electronic tongue was demonstrated. By SRS (sourness) sensor, sogogi-baechuguk (beef and cabbage soup) had the highest rate of 9.0. The STS (saltiness) sensor showed the highest score of 8.2 for ojingeoguk (squid soup). For the UMS (umami) sensor, which identifies savoriness, the sogogi-baechuguk was the highest at 10.1. The SWS (sweetness) sensors showed relatively little difference, with sigeumchi-doenjangguk (spinach and bean paste soup) at the highest of 7.3. According to the BRS sensor, which tests for bitterness, the siraegi-doenjangguk (dried radish green and bean paste soup) was the highest at 7.8. By principal component analysis (PCA), we observed variances of 56.21% in principal component 1 (PC1) and 25.23% in PC2. For each flavor component, we observed -0.95 and -0.20 for factor loading of PC1 and PC2 for SRS sensors, 0.96 and 0.14 for STS sensors, and -0.94 and 0.22 for PC1 and PC2 for UMS sensors, and PC1 and 0.22 for PC1 and PC2 loading for SWS sensors. The similarity between the samples identified by clustering analysis was largely identified by 4 clusters. A total of 25 kinds of volatile compounds in 15 samples were identified, and the ones showing the highest relative content in all samples were identified as ethanol and 2-methylthiophhene. The main ingredient analysis confirmed variances of 28.54% in PC1 and 20.80% in PC2 as a result of the pattern for volatile compounds in 15 samples. In the cluster analysis, it was found to be largely classified into 3 clusters. The data in this study can be used for a sensory property database of conventional Korean soups and stews using electronic sensors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.439-447
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• 2008

There is a limitation to estimate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake due to lack of data on vitamin $B_{12}$ content in many Korean foods. In this study, vitamin $B_{12}$ content was determined in some soybean or vegetable-fermented foods, edible seaweeds and other frequently consumed foods in Korea by microbioassay using Lactobacillus delbruecki ATCC 7830. The traditional type of Doenjang and Chungkookjang contained 1.85 ${\mu}g/100$ g and 0.69 ${\mu}g/100$ g of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively, while the factory-type of Doenjang and Chungkookjang contained 0.04-0.86 ${\mu}g/100$ g and 0.06-0.15 ${\mu}g/100$ g. Vitamin $B_{12}$ was not detected in steamed soybeans and Tofu which is a not-fermented soybean product, indicating that vitamin $B_{12}$ in Doenjang and Chungkookjang might be produced during the fermentation process. The Korean-style soy sauce contained 0.04 ${\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 mL, but vitamin $B_{12}$ was not detected in Japanese-style soy sauce and white miso. Commercial Kimchi, a representative Korean vegetable- fermented food, made of Korean cabbage, Yeolmu, or Mustard leaves contained 0.013-0.03 ${\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g, while Kimchi without red pepper and fermented fish sauce (White Kimchi) did not. Vitamin $B_{12}$ content was very high in some edible seaweeds such as laver (66.76 ${\mu}g/100$ g dry weight) and sea lettuce (84.74 ${\mu}g/100$ g dry weight), and it was 17.12 ${\mu}g/100$ g of dried small anchovy, 1.07 ${\mu}g/100$ g of whole egg, and 0.02 ${\mu}g/100$ g of coffee mix. From these results, it is assumed that Koreans take substantial amount of vitamin $B_{12}$ from plant-origin foods. And, with these data, we will be able to calculate dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ content more correctly than before. In conclusion, soybean-fermented foods, Kimchi, laver and sea lettuce are recommendable as good sources of vitamin $B_{12}$ for vegetarians or Korean elderly on grain and vegetable based diet.