• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.672-679
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• 2001

Background: Surgical correction of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava has been associated with postoperative venous obstruction and sinus node dysfunction. In this paper we describe our current approach and its short-term results. Material and Method: Between April 1999 and January 2000, 5 consecutive patients, ranging from 2 months to 66 years old, underwent corrective operation for partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava at Sejong General Hospital and Daegu Catholic University Medical Center. Surgical correction involved diversion of the pulmonary venous drainage to the left atrium using a right atrial flap(2 patients) or prosthetic patch(3 patients) with division of the superior vena cava superior to the restore site of the pulmonary veins and reimplantation on the right atrial appendage to restore systemic venous drainage. Result: All patients were discharged between postoperative day 9 and 15 without complications. One Russian boy returned to his country, therefore, he was lost to follow-up after discharge. Remaining 4 patients were asymptomatic and in normal regular sinus rhythm at a mean follow-up of 17.75$\pm$4.27 months. Follow-up echocardiographic study (range, 12 to 24 months) revealed no incidence of narrowing of the venous pathways or of residual shunt. Conclusion: Our current approach is relatively simple and reproducible in achieving unobstructive pulmonay venous and SVC pathways. By avoiding incision across the cavoatrial junction, surgical injury to the sinus node and its artery may be minimized. The presented surgical technique can be safely and effectively applied to the selected patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

Background: Thoracic empyema remains a serious problem despite the availability of modern diagnostic methods and appropriate antibiotics. The condition presents in many different forms and stages that require different therapeutic options. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has become increasingly popular for use in the treatment of empyema. Material and Method: From January 2005 to May 2009, VATS was performed in 36 patients with pleural empyema and for whom chest-tube drainage and antibiotic therapy had failed or the CT scan showed multiseptate disease. The perioperative clinical factors were analyzed for all the study patients. Result: All the patients underwent VATS, but it was necessary to convert to thoracotomy in one patient. The mean operation time was $90{\pm}38.5\;min$. For the operative evaluation, 11 patients were compatible with ATS stage III. The duration of chesttube insertion was $11.9{\pm}5.8$ (3~24) days. One patient did not improve and therefore this patient underwent additional open drainage. At discharge, costophrenic angle blunting was observed in 22 patients, pleural thickening was noted in 20 patients, both were noted in 17 patients and neither was noted in 11 patients. However, at follow-up, each of these changes was observed in 9, 7, 4 and 24 patients, respectively. All except one patient showed radiographic improvement. Conclusion: VATS is suitable for the treatment of early and fibrinopurulent thoracic empyema, and even in selected patients with stage III disease.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2019

Purpose: This study analyzed the treatment effects of drain insertion in the posteromedial portal after an arthroscopic synovectomy and posterior septum resection for pyogenic arthritis. Materials and Methods: From June 2005 to December 2016, 56 cases (55 patients, 1 case of bilateral knee) were diagnosed with pyogenic arthritis and arthroscopic treatment was performed. Fourteen patients (25.0%) were identified with causative organisms. The average follow-up period was 12.3 months, and the mean age was 67.8 years old. Twenty-four cases were males and 31 cases were females. Kellgrene-Lawrence grade (K-L grade) I was 6 patients, II was 20 patients, III was 11 patients, and IV was 18 patients. Surgery was performed through six portal. The posterior septum was removed and a drainage tube was inserted from the posterior medial side to the posterior side of the joint. The Lysholm score was used after surgery for a functional evaluation. The K-L grade at the time of admission and at the last follow-up were compared for a radiological evaluation. Results: The mean normalization period of the C-reactive protein was 59.8 days (6-164 days). Intravenous antibiotics were used for an average of 37.1 days. The results of the functional evaluation revealed a mean Lysholm score of 64.5 (30-98) in a total of 56 cases. Two reoperations was performed, but the treatment was completed with same method in all patients. The K-L grade was similar at the time of surgery and at the last follow-up (p>0.05). Conclusion: The method of drain insertion in the posteromedial portal after arthroscopic synovectomy and posterior septum resection for pyogenic arthritis is an effective technique that can obtain satisfactory results by inducing proper exudate discharge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.315-326
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• 2013

This study investigated the temporal-spatial distribution and variations in water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, COD, SPM, DIN, DIP, silicate, TN, TP, and chlorophyll-a) in the coastal area of Jeju, Korea, adjacent to aquaculture ponds (Aewol-ri, Haengwon-ri, Pyosun-ri, and Ilkwa-ri). Data were collected bimonthly from February 2010 to December 2011. A principal component analysis (PCA) identified three major factors controlling variations in water quality during the sampling period. Aquaculture effluent water led to large changes in nutrient levels. The highest nutrient values were observed during the investigation period. The relatively large increase in organic matter at the sampling stations coupled with sea area runoff events during the summer rainy period. Variation in chlorophyll-a concentration was mainly driven by meteorological factors such as air temperature and rainfall in the coastal areas of Aewol and Haengwon. In the coastal areas of Pyosun and Ilkwa, pollution was caused by anthropogenic factors such as discharge of aquaculture effluent water. High nutrient concentrations at the majority of the coastal stations indicate eutrophication of coastal waters, especially within a distance of 300 m and depth of 10m from drainage channels. Coastal eutrophication driven by aquaculture effluent may be harmful inshore. Events such as eutrophication may potentially influence water pollution in aquaculture ponds when seawater intake is detected because of aquaculture effluent water.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 1984

This study is an effort to develop a series of empirical procedure for the determination of design flood for a small watershed based on the unit hydrograph theory. It is shown that a flood discharge of a watershed with a specific return period can be expressed as a product of its watershed area, rainfall factor, runoff factor and flood peak reduction factor. Since the procedures for the determination of rainfall factor and runoff factor were already developed in the previous study (13) a series of step-by-step procedure is devised to empirically determine the flood peak reduction factor in the present study. Using the methodology developed herein the 50-year design flood, which is of concern in the drainage of agricultural lands, is estimated for a watershed on upper Kyungan River and compared with the design floods by the existing methods now in use. The flood peak reduction factor was correlated with the dimensionless parameter consisted of the rainfall duration divided by the basin lag time, which was computed from the derived unit hydrographs by the method of moment. The unit hydrographs of various durations were synthesized by the method of build up and S-curve. A multiple correlation was also made between the basin lag time and the physiographic parameters of the watershed, i.e., the stream length and the average stream slope.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.242-246
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• 2006

최근 들어 전 세계적으로 유량측정 분야의 큰 변화의 방향은 자동화이다. 전자, 전기 기술과 정보통신 기술의 발달을 유량측정 분야에 적용하여 자동적으로 유량측정을 수행하고 실시간으로 모든 유량자료를 수집하는 시스템을 구성하려는 연구가 활발하게 진행중이다. 최근에 초음파 유량계와 더불어 자동 유량측정 기법으로 각광을 받고 있는 기법이 유속지수법(index velocity method)이다. 유속지수법의 원리는 매우 간단하다. 수위 기록을 통하여 수위-면적 관계로부터 흐름 단면적을 구하고, 임의의 영역에서 측정된 유속이 단면 평균 유속으로 환산될 수 있다면, 흐름 단면적과 평균 유속에 의해 연속적으로 유량을 구할 수 있다. 유속지수법에서 가장 중요한 것이 전체 평균 유속을 대표할 수 있는 유속지수를 정확하고 효율적으로 측정하는 것이다. 유속지수법에 의한 연속 유량측정 목적으로 최근에 ADVM(Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter)이 개발되어 이용되고 있다. ADVM은 수중에 초음파를 발사해서 산란체에서 반사되어 돌아오는 초음파의 주파수 편이, 즉 도플러 효과를 이용하여 유속을 측정하는 유속계이다. 본 연구에서는 ADVM을 괴산댐 하류에 위치한 시험하천에 설치하여, 유속지수법에 의한 유량측정기법을 적용하고 그 특성을 분석하였다. 유속지수법으로 측정된 유량을 괴산댐 방류량과 비교한 결과 평균 4.0%의 상대오차를 지니고 있어 비교적 정확한 연속 유량측정이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 유속지수법을 하천 유량측정에 활용하면 보다 정확한 유량을 연속적으로 자동화하여 측정할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.연계모형의 한계로 인하여 두 모형의 통합모형이 필요하다. 즉, 강우 혹은 월류유량으로 발생한 지표유량 중 일부분이 과부하가 발생하지 않는 유입구 지점을 통과할 때 배수시스템으로 유입되는 것을 고려할 수 있고, 유입된 유량은 배수시스템 내의 흐름에 반영되도록 배수시스템과 침수해석모형을 통합한 모형 개발이 필요하다. 그러기 위해서는 지표면과 배수시스템에 대한 수리학적 관계를 정립하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 배수시스템 해석 모형과 도시침수해석 모형을 통합하고, 두 모형간의 유량의 전송과정을 수리학적 관계를 고려한 dual-drainage 도시침수해석모형을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 도시지역 배수시스템 해석 모형으로 널리 이용되고 있는 SWMM모형을 이용하여 지표면으로의 월류량을 산정하고 유입된 지표유량에 대해서 배수시스템에서의 흐름해석을 수행하였다. 그리고, 침수해석을 위해서는 2차원 침수해석을 위한 DEM기반 침수해석모형을 개발하였고, 건물의 영향을 고려할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 본 연구결과 지표류 유출 해석의 물리적 특성을 잘 반영하며, 도시지역의 복잡한 배수시스템 해석모형과 지표범람 모형을 통합한 모형 개발로 인해 더욱 정교한 도시지역에서의 홍수 범람 해석을 실시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 모형의 개발로 침수상황의 시간별 진행과정을 분석함으로써 도시홍수에 대한 침수위험 지점 파악 및 주민대피지도 구축 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 있을 것으로 판단되었다.4일간의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.747-752
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• 1996

Video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) has been widely used in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in spite of the absence of definitive data regarding the relative safety and long term results of this procedure. We reviewed 34 patients (group I) who underwent )8 video-assisted surgical procedures for spontaneous pneumothorax from June 1994 to December 1995 and compared the results of these patients with the results of another 14 patients (group ll) who underwent bullectomy through axillary Oho- racotomy during the same period. Average age, sex distribution, site and extent of pneumothorax, surgical indications, and complication rate showed no differences between the two groups. In group ll patients, th number and sites of bullae tend to be multiple compared to patients in group 1. The mean number of ends-GIA used for stapling of bullae was 2. 6 per patient with the range from 2 to 4 in group 1. The mean duration of chest tube drainage was not different between the two groups ().7 days and 3.9 days), but the mean time to discharge was significantly shorter in group I (5.6 days) than in group ll (8.9 days). Mean follow-up time was 12 and 11 months in each groups and ranged from 2 to 21 months. Pneumothorax recurred after three of 38 procedures in group I (7.9 %) with no recurrence in group ll. These data suggest that video-assisted thoracic surgery is a viable alternative to thoracotomy for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax with low morbidity and shorter hospital stay. However, it should be applied cautiously to patients with spontaneous pneumothorax because of the relatively high incidence of recurrence compared to axillary thoracotomy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3983-3989
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• 2014

As the storm water runoff characteristics in urban areas have changed owing to urbanization, centralized facilities to reduce the urban flood runoff had been implemented. On the other hand, because they have their limitations, LID (Low Impact Development) of the distributed facilities for storm water runoff reduction is being actively planned and applied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the runoff characteristics for the spatial distribution of typical LID element techniques. This study set a study basin consisting of the five subbasins with the same basin and drainage systems, and analyzed the flood runoff characteristics from the two scenarios, one is for the locations and the other is for the number of green roofs (GR) and permeable pavement (PP), respectively, selected as typical LID element techniques. The SWMM implementation results showed that GR reduces 11.07% of the total and 3.42% of the peak amounts of storm water runoff, and PP leads to 18.09% of the total and 17.94% of the peak discharge reduction for a subbasin. Such a reduction rate is constant regardless of the LID locations, and increases linearly with the number of LID applications. The different runoff reduction rates between the GR and PP applications appear to be due to the effects of the different hydraulic conductivities in the control parameters for each LID.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.371-381
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• 1995

To investigate the concentrations and transport patterns of particulate metals in river suspended matters, eighteen samples were collected from a fixed station located in the upper part of the Keum River through one year, and analysed for major elements (AI, Fe, P, Mn) and trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, U). The contents of metals in suspended particulate matters (SPM) varied greatly with season and SPM load; maximum value in winter with low SPM level and minimum value in flood period and in spring Yangtze SPMs. The different trace metal level between rivers of Korea and China may be caused by the different geology of drainage basin(U) and by the different extent of anthropogenic input (Mn, Pb). Most of all particulate metals (>70%) except Mn, P and Cd were transported in the flood period with high water discharge and high suspended load. The magnitude of each transport phase (dissolved, non-detrital and detrital metals) was compared. The portions of labile metals (dissolved plus non-detrital metals) in the aquatic environment were in the range of 50%(Co) to 92%(Mn) of total metal transport and in the rank of Mn>Cd, U>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Co.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1991

The QUAL-II E Model was applied to predict the water quality of the Mankyong drainage System, and lead to following conclusion. 1. The difference between computed and measured BOD at the M-3 (Bakgugeong) station was within 10%, indicating that the application of the QUAL-IIE Model for the prediction of water quality was satisfactory thus far. 2. The application of the model states that the discharge of concentrated pollutants at the M-1 station on the Jeonju stream, located 41Km upstream from the estuary, causes the worst problems. The sluice which extends residence time and enlarges watery surface improves water quality by a Self-purification process at the M-3 station, 28km upstream from the estuary. 3. The accuracy of the model diminished when this model was applied on the estuary downstream of the sluice. Hence, the application of the model on the estuary needs to be used with caution. 4. Among the conputed water quality parameters, BOD is the worst problem. At the M-3 station, BOD is computed to be 26.6 mg/1 in 1996, 30.7 mg/1 in 2,001, 33.0 mg/l in 2006, and 37.5 mg/1 in 2011. When preventive measures against water pollution are not properly exercised, severe problems in irrigation and water resources are expected. This study will be of used in the selection of irrigation water intake points, the criteria of effluent treatment, the management of water resources, and the establishment of water quality managemont policy.