• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2023

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a specialized medical equipment and plays a significant role in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases and abnormalities; however, it is attributed to risk of exposure of ionizing radiation. The aim of the study was to estimate and determine the amount of scattered radiation dose to the thyroid gland in dental CBCT during maxilla and mandible scan. Materials and Methods: The average scattered radiation dose for i-CAT 17-19 Platinum CBCT (Imaging Sciences International) was measured using a Multi-O-Meter (Unfors Instruments), placed at the patient's neck on the skin surface of the thyroid cartilage, with an exposure parameter of 120 kVp and 37.07 mAs. The surface entrance dose was noted using the Multi-O-Meter, which was placed at the time of the scan at the level of the thyroid gland on the anterior surface of the neck. Results and Discussion: The surface entrance dose to the thyroid from both jaws scans was 191.491±78.486 µGy for 0.25 mm voxel and 26.9 seconds, and 153.670±74.041 µGy from the mandible scan, whereas from the maxilla scan the surface entrance dose was 5.259±10.691 µGy. Conclusion: The surface entrance doses to the thyroid gland from imaging of both the jaws, and also from imaging of the maxilla and mandible alone were within the threshold limit. The surface entrance dose and effective dose in CBCT were dependent on the exposure parameters (kVp and mAs), scan length, and field of view. To further reduce the radiation dose, care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protocol as well as the provision of providing shielding to the thyroid gland.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the recently developed multi-detector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography in pre-operative implant evaluation, by comparing them with the single detector computed tomography, already confirmed for accuracy in this area. Materials and Methods: Five partially edentulous dry human mandibles, with $1{\times}1mm$ gutta percha cones, placed in 5mm intervals posterior to the mental foramen on each side of the buccal part of the mandible, were used in this study. They were scanned as follows: 1) Single detector computed tomography: slice thickness 1mm, 200mA, 120kV 2) Multi-detector computed tomography: slice thickness 0.75mm, 250mA, 120kV 3) Cone beam computed tomography: 15mAs, 120kV Axial images acquired from three computed tomographies were transferred to personal computer, and then reformatted cross-sectional images were generated using V-Implant $2.0^{(R)}$ (CyberMed Inc., Seoul, Korea) software. Among the cross-sectional images of the gutta perch a cone, placed in the buccal body of the mandible, the most precise cross section was selected as the measuring point and the distance from the most superior border of the mandibular canal to the alveolar crest was measured and analyzed 10 times by a dentist. Results: There were no significant intraobserver differences in the distance from the most superior border of the mandibular canal to the alveolar crest (p>0.05). There were no significant differences among single detector computed tomography, multi-detector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography in the distance from the most superior border of the mandibular canal to the alveolar crest (p>0.05). Conclusion: Multi-detector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography are clinically useful in the evaluation of pre-operative site for mandibular dental implants, with consideration for radiation exposure dose and scanning time.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2006

The use of computed tomography for dental procedures has increased recently. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems have been designed for imaging hard tissues of the dentomaxillofacial region. CBCT is capable of providing high resolution in images of high diagnostic quality. This technology allows for 3-dimensional representation of the dentomaxillofacial skeleton with minimal distortion, but at lower equipment cost, simpler image acquisition and lower patient dose. Because this technology produces images with isotropic sub-millimeter spatial resolution, it is ideally suited for dedicated dentomaxillofacial imaging. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of cone beam scanning technology and compare it with the fan beam scanning used in conventional CT and the basic principles of currently available CBCT systems.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.179-190
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• 2019

Panoramic radiographs and computed tomography (CT) play a paramount role in the accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognostic evaluation of various complex dental pathologies. The advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has revolutionized the practice of dentistry, and this technique is now considered the gold standard for imaging the oral and maxillofacial area due to its numerous advantages, including reductions in exposure time, radiation dose, and cost in comparison to other imaging modalities. This review highlights the broad use of CBCT in the dentomaxillofacial region, and also focuses on future software advancements that can further optimize CBCT imaging.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2011

본 연구는 검사 기법에 따른 영상의 질과 방사선 피폭의 정도를 제시하여 검사자가 받는 방사선 피폭을 저감시키는 데 목적이 있다. 관상동맥 전산화 단층 혈관조영(Coronary CTA, coronary computed tomography angiography) 검사자를 대상으로 SnapShot Pulse의 전향적 동조화 기법과 SnapShot Segment의 후향적 동조화 기법으로 coronary CTA 검사에서 검사자가 받는 단면 피폭선량(CTDIvol, volume computed tomography dose index), 총 피폭선량(dose-length product; DLP)을 각각 측정하였다. 또한, Coronary CTA 촬영조건을 동일하게 팬텀을 이용하여 CT감약계수, 노이즈 및 균일도, 공간분해능을 측정하였다. 연구 결과 두기법에서 CT감약계수, 노이즈 및 균일도, 공간분해능의 질적 수준이 비슷하게 나타났으며, CTDIvol, DLP는 SnapShot Segment의 후향적 동조화 기법에 비해 피폭선량이 약 37.5%, 40.3% 감소되었다. 임상에서 coronary CTA 검사 시 SnapShot Pulse의 전향적 동조화 기법을 적극 채택하여 검사자가 받는 방사선 피폭을 감소시키기 위한 노력이 절실히 요구된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권9호
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• pp.3758-3763
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• 2024

The current study aimed to evaluate the suitability of polyester resin as an alternative material to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for computed tomography (CT) dosimetry phantoms using the GEANT4/GATE Monte Carlo simulation platform. Cylindrical phantoms (32 cm diameter) constructed of polyester resin and PMMA were simulated and compared in terms of atomic composition, effective atomic number, electron density, mass density, and photon interaction mechanisms. Weighted CT dose index (CTDIw) values were calculated for each phantom at 80, 110, and 130 kVp tube voltages based on measurements of CTDI_100,c and CTDI_100,p. Results demonstrated that the physical properties of polyester closely matched those of PMMA, and the polyester phantom displayed equivalent dosimetric behavior to the PMMA phantom at all tube voltages tested. CTDIw values from the polyester phantom were within 1.4 % of the PMMA phantom across all tube voltages. Conversion coefficients were derived to equate polyester CTDIw values to PMMA dose equivalents. This study found that a polyester resin phantom exhibited radiation dosimetry commensurate with the standard PMMA phantom for CT dose assessment. Consequently, polyester resin represents a viable substitute material when PMMA is unavailable for construction of CT dosimetry phantoms.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2011

치과 방사선검사에 있어 두부 내의 흡수선량에 관한 평가를 하고자 인체모형팬텀 내부의 뇌하수체와 안구, 상악동, 악하선, 갑상선, 식도에 유리형광소자를 삽입하고 X-선을 조사하였다. 사용된 장치로는 Kodak 2200, Kodak 8000C dental radiographic systems과 computed tomography(Lightspeed VCT)이고 촬영조건은 임상에서 사용하는 인자와 동일하게 설정하였다. 이때 구내 X-선 검사의 경우 흡수선량은 0.02~2.47cGy로 가장 높게 측정된 곳은 상악 대구치 촬영 시 2.47cGy인 갑상선이었고 가장 낮은 곳은 하악 전치부 촬영에서 0.02cGy인 악하선이었다. 그리고 구외 X-선 검사의 경우 흡수선량은 세파로에서 0.36~3.44cGy, 파노라마에서 0.14~12.82cGy, 전산화단층촬영에서 8.17~253.63cGy 가장 높게 측정된 곳은 상악 CT 촬영 시 253.63cGy인 악하선이었고 가장 낮은 곳은 파노라마 촬영에서 0.14cGy인 안구이었다. 구외 X-선 검사가 구내 X-선 검사 보다 많은 흡수선량이 측정되었다. 특히 CT를 이용한 검사에서는 구내 촬영보다 100배 이상 높게 측정되었다. 따라서 구외 X-선 검사에 있어서 가이드라인을 제시하여야 하며 방사선에 의한 흡수선량을 줄이기 위한 노력이 요구된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2021

Purpose: This study automatically discriminates homogeneous and structure edge regions on computed tomography (CT) images, and it evaluates the noise level and edge preservation ratio (EPR) according to the different types of iterative reconstruction (IR). Methods: The dataset consisted of CT scans of 10 patients reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), statistical IR (iDose⁴), and iterative model-based reconstruction (IMR). Using the 10th and 85th percentiles of the structure coherence feature, homogeneous and structure edge regions were localized. The noise level was estimated using the averages of the standard deviations for five regions of interests (ROIs), and the EPR was calculated as the ratio of standard deviations between homogeneous and structural edge regions on subtraction CT between the FBP and IR. Results: The noise levels were 20.86±1.77 Hounsfield unit (HU), 13.50±1.14 HU, and 7.70±0.46 HU for FBP, iDose⁴, and IMR, respectively, which indicates that iDose⁴ and IMR could achieve noise reductions of approximately 35.17% and 62.97%, respectively. The EPR had values of 1.14±0.48 and 1.22±0.51 for iDose⁴ and IMR, respectively. Conclusions: The iDose⁴ and IMR algorithms can effectively reduce noise levels while maintaining the anatomical structure. This study suggested automated evaluation measurements of noise levels and EPRs, which are important aspects in CT image quality with patients' cases of FBP, iDose⁴, and IMR. We expect that the inclusion of other important image quality indices with a greater number of patients' cases will enable the establishment of integrated platforms for monitoring both CT image quality and radiation dose.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquisition protocols on reducing the effective radiation dose while maintaining image quality. Materials and Methods: The effective dose emitted by a CBCT device was calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeters placed in a Rando Alderson phantom. Image quality was assessed by 3 experienced evaluators. The relationship between image quality and confidence was evaluated using the Fisher exact test, and the agreement among raters was assessed using the kappa test. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate whether the technical parameters could predict the effective dose. P-values<0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: The optimized protocol (3 mA, 99 kVp, and 450 projection images) demonstrated good image quality and a lower effective dose for radiation-sensitive organs. Image quality and confidence had consistent values for all structures (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a statistically significant model. The milliamperage (b=0.504; t=3.406; P=0.027), kilovoltage peak (b=0.589; t=3.979; P=0.016) and number of projection images (b=0.557; t=3.762; P=0.020) were predictors of the effective dose. Conclusion: Optimized CBCT acquisition protocols can significantly reduce the effective radiation dose while maintaining acceptable image quality by adjusting the milliamperage and projection images.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2017

방사선 치료 시 자세 확인 촬영을 목적으로 3차원 영상 획득이 가능한 콘빔씨티 촬영이 많이 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 몬테칼로 기법을 이용한 모의실험을 통해 콘빔씨티 촬영 시 피폭선량을 정략적으로 분석하고 표준화된 데이터를 제시하고자 한다. 실험은 MCNPX(ver. 2.5.0)를 이용하였으며, 먼저 콘빔씨티를 모사한 후 광자선 스펙트럼을 분석하였다. 그리고 물 팬텀을 모사하여 깊이별 심부선량 백분율과 흡수선량을 측정하였다. 광자선 스펙트럼을 분석한 결과, 관전압 80 ~ 120 kVp 에서 평균 에너지는 조건에 따라 25.7 ~ 52.6 keV로 나타났으며 특성X선 에너지는 9, 60, 68, 70 keV로 나타났다. 물 팬텀을 사용하여 심부선량 백분율을 측정한 결과 표면에서 최대선량이 나타났으며 깊이가 깊어질수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 흡수선량 또한 깊이가 증가할수록 감소하였으며 팬텀 전체가 받는 흡수선량은 9.7 ~ 18.7 mGy로 나타났다. 이는 일반적으로 방사선 치료에 사용되는 주당 처방선량인 약 10Gy의 0.2%를 차지하는 선량이며 이는 치료효과에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 처방선량에 비해 미미한 수준일지라도 이를 간과해서는 안 될 것이다.