• 무역상무연구
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• 제58권
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• pp.179-213
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• 2013

While a performance type guarantee is required as a security for non-performance risk by a seller, a payment guarantee is used as a security for non-payment risk by a buyer(or a borrower in a loan agreement). A payment guarantee is a type of independent bank guarantee, bank guarantee, bond, demand guarantee, or standby letter of credit. A guarantor accepts a credit risk of a principal which is normally a buyer in a contract for sale of goods. A payment guarantee is independent of the underlying relationship between the applicant and the beneficiary. The guarantor is only empowered to examine the beneficiary's demand and determine the payment on its face to the terms of the guarantee. A payment guarantee is thus different from a suretyship. The principle of independence carries a significant advantages for a guarantor as well as for a beneficiary. While a documentary credit requires B/L, commercial invoice, packing list, inspection certificate, etc., a typical payment guarantee does not require any evidence for a seller's performance of the underlying contract other than written demand. In this respect payment guarnatee can be a more secured facility than a documentary credit. A payment guarantee normally comes into force from the issuing date and shall remain in effect until all sums guaranteed shall be paid in full by a buyer(or a borrower) or by a guarantor. Although a guarantor shall pay a demand made in accordance with the terms and conditions of the payment guarantee, a payment demand may be denied when it is determined to be abusive or unfair.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.925-935
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• 2016

It is provided that seafarers qualified in accordance with STCW(International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarers) convention and code in safety training shall be required, every five years, to provide evidence of having maintained the required standard of competence, to undertake the tasks, duties and responsibilities listed in Chapter VI, section A-VI/1 of the STCW Code A. Every party to the STCW Convention has amended the relevant national regulations according to the above international convention and code. These amended Seaman's Act require the updating safety training which is only five years valid for existing seafarers serving onboard ship on international voyage. And above specified existing seafarers must, as of the 1st January 2017, have documentary evidence of either having completed the training course or updated their training within the last 5 years. In relation to the above international trend, the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries also has completed an amendment to its Seaman's Act. But, the Korean Seaman's Act has a supplementary provision to exempt the seafarers who have completed STCW advanced safety training from basic safety training. The purpose of this study is to define the problems of above mentioned exemption provisions and to make better policies for improvement. In order to complete the purpose, the research team has conducted an in-depth survey of various foreign cases on STCW safety training. Moreover, the team has suggested an improvement scheme in consonance with Korean shipping industry and society through out this report.

• 영어영문학
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.645-666
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• 2013

In the history of the study of Shakespeare's texts the eighteenth century marked the emergence of editors, and in the history of Shakespearean editing Edmond Malone's emphasis on documentary evidence inaugurated a new stage. Malone's antiquarian scholarship sought to establish Shakespeare in the theatrical context of his age and a historically informed view of the physical circumstances under which he wrote his plays. Malone's editorial use of historical sources in terms of Shakespeare's past formulated a new mode of ascertaining his authorship: the construction of Shakespeare as a man of the theatre as well as of literature. Malone was the first scholar to recognize Shakespeare's merits as an actor, and to introduce the concept of the theatrical Shakespeare, which has become the scholarly norm since. In this respect this paper is designed to demonstrate that Malone's editorial principle and practice are characteristic of the identification of the factual documents of Shakespeare's biography, the authentication of his material to attain his true text, and the construction of his personal experiences through intensive readings of his plays. In conclusion, Malone's new criteria laid the foundation for the progress towards authorizing Shakespeare, thereby canonizing him as a figure of the theatrical and literary authority.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.95-119
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• 2020

Securing a stable supply chain is becoming a significant concern among countries as the global uncertainty rises with the expansion of global protectionism and the result of what the COVID-19 pandemic has brought around the world. This study has investigated dispute cases between customs authority and trade corporations based on the KOREA-ASEAN FTA and suggested the following implications and improvements: Firstly, the extent (varieties) of the proof document on cumulation and its form should be stipulated and provided through consultation between customs from each contracting party. Secondly, it ought to be prescribed as an obligation so that producers located in the third country can cooperate in providing documents for certification of origin. The duty to provide such documentary evidence should also be specified when making EX-IM contracts. Lastly, origin verification provisions regarding cases to which cumulation is applied have to be complemented so that the verification period's extension can be applied and approved. One can expect that the abovementioned responses on cumulation will enhance the availability of KOREA-ASEAN FTA.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Objectives :The Shishimilu is a clinical treatise, published in 1687 by Qing period doctor, Chensiduo. The purpose of this study is to report the newly discovered Korean translation to the academic world and discuss its significance. Methods : The newly discovered Korean translated version was examined in detail focusing on bibliography and content items. In addition, the time of introduction of the Shishimilu to Joseon was studied philologically. Results : 1. The time of completion was during the period of the Korean Empire. 2. The original text was faithfully translated. 3. The book was rearranged from the original document to make it easier to apply in clinical practice. 4. Experiences of Joseon medicine were reflected, mainly prescriptions. 5. According to documentary evidence, the Shishimilu was first introduced to Korea only in the late 19th century, and was widely distributed during the Japanese colonial period. Conclusions : he Korean translated version of the Shishimilu was the earliest among known Korean translations of Chinese medical texts, and while faithfully translating the original text, the compilation was rearranged to make it easier to apply clinically. In addition, the experience of Joseon medicine was reflected mostly in prescriptions. It could be determined that if contents of the Shishimilu appear in Korean literature whose writing period is unknown, it can be historically verified to have been written after the late 19th century.

• 기록학연구
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• 제79호
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• pp.471-513
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• 2024

장준하가 창간한 『사상계(思想界)』(1953년~1970년)는 당시 권위주의 정부를 정면으로 비판하며 한국 사회의 지성인을 대변했던 월간 시사교양지다. 『사상계』는 다양한 시사 주제를 사진화보로 제작하여 사진을 뉴스밸류를 갖는 시각적 도구로 활용했다. 본 논문은 이러한 『사상계』의 사진화보를 기록물로 바라보고 그 가치를 고찰하고자 한다. 가치 평가에 앞서 『사상계』 사진화보의 전개과정과 특징을 전반적으로 살펴보았다. 그리고 사진화보가 담고 있는 주제를 본문 내용 구분을 기준으로 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화면 및 기타로 나눈 뒤 대표 화보를 소개했다. 기록학적 관점으로 사진을 바라보는 것이란, 사진이 단순 데이터 그 이상의 의미를 갖고 있음을 확인하는 과정이다. 『사상계』 사진화보는 1960년대 사회를 증거하며 주요 시각정보를 담고 있는 사진기록물이다. 또한 『사상계』 사진화보는 한국 잡지 기록사진(다큐멘터리사진)의 측면에서 사진사적 의미를 갖는다. 본 논문을 통해 『사상계』의 사진화보가 미술사의 분과 학문의 사진사적 가치를 갖고 있을 뿐만 아니라 사진기록물로서 기록학적 차원의 증거적, 정보적 가치를 충실하게 갖춘 한국 현대사회의 기록 유산임을 밝히고자 한다.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2000

The Ministry of Education have had us practice the performance test as a substitute proposal, however, all the more for the idealistic purport, our education front does not have such a sufficient condition as to practice the performance test for many classes and miscellaneous duties and over-populated class, and that practice has been enforced so abruptly without any drastic preparation and has caused much confusion from the beginning of that enforcement. Thus, these problematic concerns are remained as the tasks of the teachers to be solved by themselves in the front of education, and herein I came to do this research. The followings are the conclusions that I got as the results of the research (1) Performance test style should be applied in consideration of the students' achievement level and the gap of the teachers' recognition; descriptive test, portfolio assignment and formative test styles were proper for the students lacking basic study ability. (2) Descriptive test should have its beginning with the question items to which students can write the problem solving procedure logically rather than those to evaluate the creation ability and thinking ability: and putting down specifically the assessment standard could prevent students' confusion and scheme the impartiality of the assessment. (3) Portfolio assignment evaluation should be given with as interesting and suitable amounts as possible so that the students can do by themselves. (4) Utilizing the performance test table enabled easy management of documentary evidence. And it is needless to say that the success of the performance test should have preceding conditions like the teachers' understanding and their positive participation. Therefore, I'd like to give suggestions herein like the followings; (1) The performance test should not always be made into grades, and there is a need to develop the test gradually in the condition that the education surroundings permit by checking time, frequency, ratio and contents of the test while practicing the multiple choice writing test. (2) As long as the performance test has the aims of improving the studying and learning activities, any performance test only for the sake of making numerals with the thought that assessment is the disposal of the grades should be avoided, and the change of the lecturing styles and development of various assessing types and studying materials should be endeavored to confirm with the aims.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.536-553
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• 1998

Korea supposed the place of origin of soybean. Although it is speculated that it was edible in the era of the Three Kingdoms(A.D. 5-9C), there is no documentary evidence. The first record about the edibility of tofu was written down in the Goryeo dynasty, and there was several documents that tofu was exported to China and Japan in the Chosun dynasty due to excellent manufacture skills for tofu. Tofu has been a good source of protein as a food for the common people, though there were not many traditional kinds. Especially, tofu has been an important vegetarian foodstuff in a Buddist temple, and has been used for vegetable soup and skewered greens necessary for the sacrificial rites of the humbler class as well as of the royal court. We frequently made sliced raw tofu and fried tofu, and it was used for broil, stew, and casserole as well as stuffing. In addition, tofu and its bean-curd dregs were applied of making soy. In China it is assumed that tofu has been eatable since the time of the Han(AD. 1C). Chinese tofu and its products are various and generally 20 different varieties are used. There are many dishes applied of tofu. salted and plain tofu were used as Chinese appetizer dishes. Plain, salted, skinned or deep-fried tofu was stir-fried in an hot oiled pan with vegetables, meats and fishes. Additionally, there are a variety of tofu dishes utilized stewing, frying, steaming, and soup cookeries. Tofu first appeared in the era of the Nara(8C) of Japan and was come into wide use in the era of the Aedo(Tokyo). In Japan tofu and its products are various and introduced in Shojin cookeries prevalent in the Buddist temples. It is especially noticeable that frozen or skinned tofu was used for these. Japanese tofu cooking is more delicate than Korean and Chinese ones, and Japanese people do not use oil. Instead, they in general utilize steaming and broiling cookeries. In the western countries the history of tofu edibility is short. However, their practical application of tofu in the dietary life is very positive.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.76-86
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• 1996

복식사 연구의 한 방법으로서, 문헌을 통하여 다량의 정보 수집이 가능할 경우, 사회과학의 분야에서 사용되어 온 내용분석법을 도입하여 정보의 수량화를 꾀할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 내용분석법을 이용하여 1856년부터 1870년에 이르기까지 미국 여성의 평상복(daydress)중 재킷과 치마의 유행 경향을 당시의 대포적인 패션 잡지인 Godey's Ladies Book과 Perterson's Magazine의 패션 삽화를 토대로 분석하였다. 1856∼1870년은 미국의 남북전쟁 발발 5년 전부터 남북전쟁 직후 5년까지 의 15년간의 기간을 이르며, 해당 15년은 전쟁 전, 전쟁 중, 그리고 전쟁 후의 5년간씩의 3 시기로 나뉘어졌다. 연구의 목적은 여성 평상복의 디자인이 위의 기간 동안 남북전쟁의 한 영향으로서 군복 '라일의 경향을 띄게 되는지의 여부를 조사하는 것이다. 군복 스타일의 경향은 몸에 꼭 맞는 실루엣(fitted silhouette), 에플렛(epaulet), 스텐딩 칼라(standing collar), 더블 여밈 (double-breastedness) 다수의 단추의 사용 및 장식(buttons)으로 정의되었다. 여성스러운 스타일의 경향은 풍성한 실루엣 (full silhouette), 플라운스가 된 치마(flounced skirt), 그리고 러플/fp이 스/리본 (ruffles/lace/ribbons)의 사용 여부로 정의되었다. 연구의 초점은 객관적이고 체계적인 문헌 정보의 수집 방법을 수립하는 데 있었으며, 수집된 자로는 각 변수의 빈도 분포포에 의해 조사되었다. Fitted silhouette, epaulet, 그리고 standing collar는 제 3시기에 가장 많이 나타났고 제 1시기에 가장 적게 나타났다. 여성스러운 스타일에 있어서 full sihouette과 trounced skirt는 제 1시기에 가 장 많이 보였고 전쟁 당시와 전후에 점차적으로 적게 나타났다. Buttons나 double breastedness 등은 제 2시기에 가장 많이 보이고 제 3시기에는 오히려 가장 낮은 빈도수를 보였다. 반면에 ruffles/lace/ribbons는 fitted silhouette 등의 군복 스타일의 변수와 더불어 제 3시기에 가장 많이 보인 것으로 분석되었다. 전반적인 유행의 경향에 있어서, 군복 스타일의 변수와 여성스러운 경향의 변수를 각각 종합하여 분석해 보면, 제 2시기를 중심으로 전자의 유행은 점차적으로 증가하고 후자의 유행은 감소되고 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그러나 당시 미국 패션은 유럽 왕실의 유행에 의해 크게 영향을 받은 것을 감안할 때 본 연구의 결괴는 서양 복식의 역사의 선상에서 조심스럽게 해석되어야 할 것 이다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2011

This is to improve the complicate process of the existing CD copy flow in Department of Radiology. It is also to improve the medical service of the hospital to secure private information of patients. Survey: The patients who ask for CD copies in the Department of Radiology of this hospital(for 6 months in 2010). Time: Comparing the total amount of time of the previous and the modified CD copy flow. Using the SPSS 12.0 program for testing significance of independent two-samples t-test. Private information: Introducing the identification-system based on the medical law to supplement the security of personal information of patients. There was manifold complaints due to receipt and issuing the prescription in Admission and Discharging office and outpatient department. The time has been approximately 50% reduced from 70 mistunes to 32 mistunes due to simplifying the routes. The security of the personal information has been supplemented by let patients submit documentary evidence based on the medical law. The service in the hospital has been improved as a result of simplifying the whole process of the routes and receipt process. Therefore, the each stage of waiting time has been decreased. In addition, the personal information of the patients has been more secured.