• Title/Summary/Keyword: diversity methods

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A Study on the Characteristics of the Human Figure Expressed in Late Joseon Dynasty Paintings (조선 후기 회화에 나타난 인물 표현의 유형에 관한 연구)

  • Chung, Yoon Ju;Lee, Soon Jae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.38 no.5
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    • pp.638-653
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    • 2014
  • The structure of noble centered social status of the late Joseon Dynasty collapsed due to the commoner's higher status and increased level of consciousness caused by the growth of commerce and agriculture. In art, the a Korean and ethnical style dominated; however, with a diversity in the depiction of human figures in portraits, Buddhist paintings, genre paintings and folklore paintings. This study examines the diversity in human figures expressed in the paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty by expanding the common aesthetic fixed to the typical Joseon style of renowned painters. The conclusion of this study is as follows. The human figure is categorized into three different types of 'realistic', 'ideal', and 'distortion' based on the aesthetic category. First, the realistic type is defined literally by its realistic and detailed depiction of noble class portraits classified as extreme type and general type. The extreme type's formative element is hypersubtlety which includes a simultaneous aesthetic of aptness and ugliness. The general type shows subtlety with aesthetic of aptness. Second, the ideal type is defined by representing the standard form of time and criteria classified as beautified type, absolute type, and dignified type. Each shows a different character of gender of femininity, androgyny, and masculinity. Third, distortion types are defined by a characteristic expression of humans by transshaping the features in various methods categorized as grotesque, abjection, friendly, rustic, and caricature type. Each shows different formative elements of bizarre, patheticness, voluptuous, inartificial, and immaturity.

Extent of linkage disequilibrium and effective population size of the Landrace population in Korea

  • Shin, Donghyun;Kim, Sung-Hoon;Park, Joowan;Lee, Hak-Kyo;Song, Ki-Duk
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.31 no.8
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    • pp.1078-1087
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    • 2018
  • Objective: The genetic diversity of the Landrace population, a representative maternal pig breed in Korea, is important for genetic improvement. Previously, the effective population size (Ne) has been used to infer the genetic diversity of a population of interest. In this study, we aimed to use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to characterize linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the Ne of the Korean Landrace population. Methods: We genotyped 1,128 Landrace individuals from three representative Korean major grand-grand-parent (GGP) farms using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 version2 BeadChip, which covers >61,565 SNPs located across all autosomes and mitochondrial and sex chromosomes. We estimated the expected LD and current Ne, as well as ancestral Ne. Results: In the Korean Landrace population, the mean LD ($r^2$) of 3.698 million SNP pairs was $0.135{\pm}0.204$. The mean $r^2$ decreased slowly with as the distance between SNPs increased, and remained constant beyond 3 Mb. According to the $r^2$ calculations, 8,085 of 3.698 million SNP pairs were in complete LD. The current Ne (${\pm}$standard deviation) of the Korean Landrace population is approximately 92.27 [79.46; 105.07] individuals. The ancestral Ne exhibited a slow and steady decline from 186.61 to 92.27 over the past 100 generations. Additionally, we observed more a rapid Ne decrease from the past 20 to 10 generations ago, compared with other intervals. Conclusion: We have presented an overview of LD and the current and ancestral Ne values in the Korean Landrace population. The mean LD and current Ne for the Korean Landrace population confirm the genetic diversity and reflect the history of this pig population in Korea.

Medicinal plant diversity in the southern and eastern Gobi Desert region, Mongolia

  • Magsar, Urgamal;Baasansuren, Erdenetuya;Tovuudorj, Munkh-Erdene;Shijirbaatar, Otgonchuluun;Chinbaatar, Zoltsetseg;Lkhagvadorj, Khureltsetseg;Kwon, Ohseok
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.30-42
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    • 2018
  • Background: The southern and eastern parts of the Gobi Desert area are a unique dry ecosystem with a diverse regional desert, semi-desert, and mountain dry steppe flora. This area habitat is located at the overlap of different floristic regions; on its northeast side, Central Asian desert flora is dominating, and on the eastern side, East Asian flora is observed. The comprehensive survey was carried out to find the floral diversity of the medicinal plants on the region. Methods: All recorded species in this study were based on the collected voucher specimens between June and August in the year 2017. Results: We recorded 23 families, 57 genera, and 78 species of vascular plants. The families Asteraceae (15 species), Fabaceae (10 species), and Amaranthaceae (10 species) were represented most in the study area, while Caragana (5 species), Salsola (4 species), and Arnebia (3 species) were the most common genera found. Conclusion: Conservation status for remarkable species was also reviewed based on the literature. Around the study area, 24 species as "sub-endemic," 10 species as "very rare," 4 species as "rare," 1 species as "alien," 13 species as "relict," 10 species as "Red Book," 2 species as "endangered (EN)," 3 species as "vulnerable (VU)," 3 species as "near threatened (NT)," and 2 species as "least concern (LC)" plants are growing.

Symbol Based Rate Adaptation in Coded MIMO-OFDM Systems (심볼 기반의 적응 변조 기법을 이용한 채널 부호화된 MIMO-OFDM 시스템)

  • Sung, Chang-Kyung;Kim, Ji-Hoon;Lee, In-Kyu
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.33 no.1A
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    • pp.50-58
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    • 2008
  • The use of space-division multiple access(SDMA) in the downlink of multiuser multi-input/multi-output(MIMO) wireless transmission systems can provide substantial gains in system throughput. When the channel state information(CSI) is available at the transmitter, a considerable performance improvement can be attained by adapting the transmission rates to the reported CSI. In addition, to combat frequency selective fadings in wideband wireless channels, bit-interleaved coded OFDM(BIC-OFDM) modulation schemes are employed to provide reliable packet delivery by utilizing frequency diversity through channel coding. In this paper, we propose an adaptive modulation and coding(AMC) scheme combined with an opportunistic scheduling technique for the MIMO BIC-OFDM with bandwidth-limited feedback channels. The proposed scheme enhances the link performance by exploiting both the frequency diversity and the multiuser diversity. To reduce the feedback information, the proposed AMC scheme employs rate adaptation methods based on an OFDM symbol rather than on the whole subchannels. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme exhibits a substantial performance gain with a reasonable complexity over single antenna systems.

Mother's Parenting Style at Meal Time and Their Preschooler's Dietary Behavior (어머니의 식생활 지도 유형과 자녀의 식생활 실천도에 대한 연구)

  • Park, Soyeon;Lee, Youngmee
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.13-21
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quotient (NQ) by mother's parenting style which may influence the NQ in preschool children. Methods: Subjects were 310 mothers and their 4-6 year old children. The questionnaire composed of demographic characteristics, mother's parenting style at meal time and eating behavior as measured by NQ questions. The NQ questions consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items and all items were grouped into 5 factors: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Mother's parenting style was classified by using words for nutrition education at meal time. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by Student's t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, One-way ANOVA. Results: We observed that in children whose mothers use the parenting style at meal time of 'explanation' and 'compliment & cheer up' had high dietary regularity, diversity, practice. The children of mothers who use the parenting style at meal time of 'persuasion' and 'reward' were found to have a lower degree of balance, diversity, and practice. Especially, children of 'reward' style mothers had lower moderation of dietary life. On the other hand, among the parenting style at meal time of 'comparison & demand', 'treating' and 'faire', there was no significant difference in the NQ factor by each group. NQ grade was higher among those who used more explanation (p < 0.001) and persuasion (p < 0.01) and with use of less persuasion (p < 0.01) and reward (p < 0.01). The positive association observed between the frequency of dietary education of mothers and higher NQ grade indicated the degree of dietary practices of those children. On the other hand, the children of mothers who rarely practice the dietary education at home had lower NQ grade (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In order to promote children's proper dietary behaviors, it is important to provide nutrition education to children as well as provide guidance on parenting style at meal time.

Changes in the Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria Community in Response to Operational Parameters During the Treatment of Anaerobic Sludge Digester Supernatant

  • Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka;Zielinska, Magdalena;Bernat, Katarzyna;Kulikowska, Dorota;Wojnowska-Baryla, Irena
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.22 no.7
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    • pp.1005-1014
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    • 2012
  • The understanding of the relationship between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge and the operational treatment parameters supports the control of the treatment of ammonia-rich wastewater. The modifications of treatment parameters by alteration of the number and length of aerobic and anaerobic stages in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) working cycle may influence the efficiency of ammonium oxidation and induce changes in the AOB community. Therefore, in the research, the impact of an SBR cycle mode with alternating aeration/mixing conditions (7 h/1 h vs. 4 h/5.5 h) and volumetric exchange rate (n) on AOB abundance and diversity in activated sludge during the treatment of anaerobic sludge digester supernatant at limited oxygen concentration in the aeration stage (0.7 mg $O_2/l$) was assessed. AOB diversity expressed by the Shannon-Wiener index (H') was determined by the cycle mode. At aeration/mixing stage lengths of 7 h/1 h, H' averaged $2.48{\pm}0.17$, while at 4 h/5.5 h it was $2.35{\pm}0.16$. At the given mode, AOB diversity decreased with increasing n. The cycle mode did not affect AOB abundance; however, a higher AOB abundance in activated sludge was promoted by decreasing the volumetric exchange rate. The sequences clustering with Nitrosospira sp. NpAV revealed the uniqueness of the AOB community and the simultaneously lower ability of adaptation of Nitrosospira sp. to the operational parameters applied in comparison with Nitrosomonas sp.

Development of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara using Next Generation Sequencing (차세대염기서열분석법을 이용한 잔대의 SSR 마커 개발)

  • Park, Ki Chan;Kim, Young Guk;Hwangbo, Kyeong;Gil, Jinsu;Chung, Hee;Park, Sin Gi;Hong, Chang Pyo;Lee, Yi
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.411-417
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    • 2017
  • Background: Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara shows vegetative growth with radical leaves during the first year and shows reproductive growth with cauline leaves and bolting during the second year. In addition, the shape of the plant varies within the same species. For this reason, there are limitations to classifying the species by visual examination. However, there is not sufficient genetic information or molecular tools to analyze the genetic diversity of the plant. Methods and Results: Approximately 34.59 Gbp of raw data containing 342,487,502 reads was obtained from next generation sequencing (NGS) and these reads were assembled into 357,211 scaffolds. A total of 84,106 simple sequence repeat (SSR) regions were identified and 14,133 primer sets were designed. From the designed primer sets, 95 were randomly selected and were applied to the genomic DNA which was extracted from five plants and pooled. Thirty-nine primer sets showing more than two bands were finally selected as SSR markers, and were used for the genetic relationship analysis. Conclusions: The 39 novel SSR markers developed in this study could be used for the genetic diversity analysis, variety identification, new variety development and molecular breeding of A. triphylla.

Nutritional status of Korean elderly with dementia in a long-term care facility in Hongseong

  • Lee, Ji-Yeon;Hyun, Yeong-Soon;Kim, Hee-Seon
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.32-40
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    • 2019
  • BACKGOUND/OBJECTIVES: This study investigated nutritional status of the elderly with dementia in a care facility with the aim of improving the meal quality of the facility. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from 30 dementia patients aged more than 65 years in a long-term care facility in Hongseong. The data were obtained from questionnaires and medical records. The food intake data was obtained using food photographs and the nutrient intakes were calculated using the CAN-Pro 5.0. The data were compared with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The nutrient density, diet quality such as nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ), as well as dietary diversity score (DDS) were evaluated. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical programs. RESULTS: The average daily energy intakes for men and women were much lower than the estimated energy requirements of the KDRIs. The average intakes of energy and most nutrients in the general diet group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups. Significant differences in diet quality and diet diversity were observed according to the meal type groups. The NARs of some minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc) and vitamins (vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid) were less than 0.5 in all study groups. The NARs of protein, iron and MAR of the general diet group were significantly higher than those of the liquid diet group. The DDS scores of meats, fruits and diary food group were very low in all meal type groups, meaning that the diet qualities of the study subjects were not appropriate in all meal type groups. CONCLUSIONS: The food intakes of the study groups showed some limitations by a direct comparison with KDRIs because of the very low physical activities of the study subjects. The diet quality and diet diversity indices suggest the need for improvements in the nutritional quality in all types of diet. Overall, new intervention strategies targeting facility residents with dementia in Korea are needed as soon as possible.

Genetic diversity of Indonesian cattle breeds based on microsatellite markers

  • Agung, Paskah Partogi;Saputra, Ferdy;Zein, Moch Syamsul Arifin;Wulandari, Ari Sulistyo;Putra, Widya Pintaka Bayu;Said, Syahruddin;Jakaria, Jakaria
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.467-476
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    • 2019
  • Objective: This research was conducted to study the genetic diversity in several Indonesian cattle breeds using microsatellite markers to classify the Indonesian cattle breeds. Methods: A total of 229 DNA samples from of 10 cattle breeds were used in this study. The polymerase chain reaction process was conducted using 12 labeled primers. The size of allele was generated using the multiplex DNA fragment analysis. The POPGEN and CERVUS programs were used to obtain the observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, observed heterozygosity value, expected heterozygosity value, allele frequency, genetic differentiation, the global heterozygote deficit among breeds, and the heterozygote deficit within the breed, gene flow, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and polymorphism information content values. The MEGA program was used to generate a dendrogram that illustrates the relationship among cattle population. Bayesian clustering assignments were analyzed using STRUCTURE program. The GENETIX program was used to perform the correspondence factorial analysis (CFA). The GENALEX program was used to perform the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and analysis of molecular variance. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using adegenet package of R program. Results: A total of 862 alleles were detected in this study. The INRA23 allele 205 is a specific allele candidate for the Sumba Ongole cattle, while the allele 219 is a specific allele candidate for Ongole Grade. This study revealed a very close genetic relationship between the Ongole Grade and Sumba Ongole cattle and between the Madura and Pasundan cattle. The results from the CFA, PCoA, and PCA analysis in this study provide scientific evidence regarding the genetic relationship between Banteng and Bali cattle. According to the genetic relationship, the Pesisir cattle were classified as Bos indicus cattle. Conclusion: All identified alleles in this study were able to classify the cattle population into three clusters i.e. Bos taurus cluster (Simmental Purebred, Simmental Crossbred, and Holstein Friesian cattle); Bos indicus cluster (Sumba Ongole, Ongole Grade, Madura, Pasundan, and Pesisir cattle); and Bos javanicus cluster (Banteng and Bali cattle).

A Study on the Application of the Two Step Supply System of Public Rental Housing - Focused on the cases of SI housing with skeleton rental in Japan - (공공임대주택의 2단계 공급방식 적용 방안에 관한 연구 - 일본 스켈레톤 임대형 SI주택 사례를 중심으로 -)

  • Yi, Yong-Kyu;Park, Ji-Young
    • Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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    • v.35 no.7
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    • pp.45-52
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    • 2019
  • In recent years, there has been a demand for a residential supply model that can actively and flexibly cope with various housing demands in the changing paradigm of public rental housing. This study focuses on the two-step supply system that has been studied in Japan. It was used to examine and analyze cases to recommend a supply plan that can be used for domestic public rental housing. In more detail, the literature review of the two-step supply system discloses that four types by supply methods (A-1, A-2, B-2, and C-2) and four types of relationship (construction and management combine entities type, management entity type, construction entity type, a separated entity type) can be categorized. In addition, from the actual case study, it revealed that the way of linking and supplying activities among the entity can have a great influence on "ease of supply (supply)", "diversity of housing demand (diversity)," and "quality of construction (construction)". "Ease of supply (supply)" refers to whether the construction entity is separated, and the owner is a manager. "Diversity" refers to whether the management subject is separated, and if the owner is also the constructor or the manager. "Construction" is whether the management entity is connected and managed by the management entity and can be evaluated in "Good", "Middle", and "Bad" level. As a summary, even if the existing public rental housing in Korea can be separated into a skeleton and infill system, the result suggested that it has a limitation on response to residential demand. In addition, the paper was able to propose an improved plan to make the infill as a secondary operator.