• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.902-912
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• 2020

Objective: Mongolia is one of a few countries that supports over 25 million goats, but genetic diversity, demographic history, and the origin of goat populations in Mongolia have not been well studied. This study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity, phylogenetic status and population structure of Mongolian native goats, as well as to discuss their origin together with other foreign breeds from different countries using hypervariable region 1 (HV1) in mtDNA. Methods: In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of Mongolian native goat populations using a 452 base-pair long fragment of HVI of mitochondrial DNA from 174 individuals representing 12 populations. In addition, 329 previously published reference sequences from different regions were included in our phylogenetic analyses. Results: Investigated native Mongolian goats displayed relatively high genetic diversities. After sequencing, we found a total of 109 polymorphic sites that defined 137 haplotypes among investigated populations. Of these, haplotype and nucleotide diversities of Mongolian goats were calculated as 0.997±0.001 and 0.0283±0.002, respectively. These haplotypes clearly clustered into four haplogroups (A, B, C, and D), with the predominance of haplogroup A (90.8%). Estimates of pairwise differences (Fst) and the analysis of molecular variance values among goat populations in Mongolia showed low genetic differentiation and weak geographical structure. In addition, Kazakh, Chinese (from Huanghuai and Leizhou), and Arabian (Turkish and Baladi breeds) goats had smaller genetic differentiation compared to Mongolian goats. Conclusion: In summary, we report novel information regarding genetic diversity, population structure, and origin of Mongolian goats. The findings obtained from this study reveal that abundant haplogroups (A to D) occur in goat populations in Mongolia, with high levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-116
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• 2010

Ensemble approach is applied to the detection modeling of illegal cash accommodation (ICA) that is the well-known type of fraudulent usages of credit cards in far east nations and has not been addressed in the academic literatures. The performance of fraud detection model (FDM) suffers from the imbalanced data problem, which can be remedied to some extent using an ensemble of many classifiers. It is generally accepted that ensembles of classifiers produce better accuracy than a single classifier provided there is diversity in the ensemble. Furthermore, recent researches reveal that it may be better to ensemble some selected classifiers instead of all of the classifiers at hand. For the effective detection of ICA, we adopt ensemble size reduction technique that prunes the ensemble of all classifiers using accuracy and diversity measures. The diversity in ensemble manifests itself as disagreement or ambiguity among members. Data imbalance intrinsic to FDM affects our approach for ICA detection in two ways. First, we suggest the training procedure with over-sampling methods to obtain diverse training data sets. Second, we use some variants of accuracy and diversity measures that focus on fraud class. We also dynamically calculate the diversity measure-Forward Addition and Backward Elimination. In our experiments, Neural Networks, Decision Trees and Logit Regressions are the base models as the ensemble members and the performance of homogeneous ensembles are compared with that of heterogeneous ensembles. The experimental results show that the reduced size ensemble is as accurate on average over the data-sets tested as the non-pruned version, which provides benefits in terms of its application efficiency and reduced complexity of the ensemble.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2019

Objective: At least eight local duck breeds have been recognized and documented as national germplasm of Indonesia so far. It is necessary to genetically characterize the local duck breeds for aiding conservation and future improvement strategies. Thus, this study was carried out to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of eight local duck populations of Indonesia using microsatellite markers. Methods: In total, 240 individuals (30 individuals each population) from Alabio (AL), Bayang (BY), Magelang (MG), Mojosari (MJ), Pegagan (PG), Pitalah (PT), Rambon (RM), and Turi (TR) duck populations were genotyped using 22 microsatellite markers. Results: The results showed a moderate level of genetic diversity among populations, with a total of 153 alleles detected over all loci and populations, ranging from 3 to 22 alleles per locus. Observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), as well as polymorphism information content over all loci and populations were 0.440, 0.566, and 0.513, respectively. Heterozygote deficiency in the overall populations ($F_{IT}=0.237$), was partly due to the heterozygote deficiency within populations ($F_{IS}=0.114$) and moderate level of genetic differentiation among populations ($F_{ST}=0.137$). The most diverse population was MG (He = 0.545) and the least diverse population was AL (He = 0.368). The majority of populations were relatively in heterozygote deficiency (except AL), due to inbreeding. The genetic distances, phylogenetic trees, and principal coordinates analysis concluded that the populations can be grouped into two major clusters, resulting AL, MG, and MJ in one cluster separated from the remaining populations. Conclusion: The present study revealed a considerable genetic diversity of studied populations and thus, proper management strategies should be applied to preserve genetic diversity and prevent loss of alleles.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 2021

Objective: Old World camels are a valuable genetic resource for many countries around the world due to their adaptation to the desert environment. At present, Old World camels have encountered the challenge of unprecedented loss of genetic resources. Through our research, we would reveal the population structure and genetic variation in Old World camel populations, which provides a theoretical basis for understanding the germplasm resources and origin and evolution of different Old World camel populations. Methods: In the present study, we assessed mtDNA control region sequences of 182 individuals from Old World camels to unravel genetic diversity, phylogeography, and demographic dynamics. Results: Thirty-two haplotypes confirmed by 54 polymorphic sites were identified in the 156 sequences, which included 129 domestic and 27 wild Bactrian camels. Meanwhile, 14 haplotypes were defined by 47 polymorphic sites from 26 sequences in the dromedaries. The wild Bactrian camel population showed the lowest haplotype and nucleotide diversity, while the dromedaries investigated had the highest. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that there are several shared haplotypes in different Bactrian camel populations, and that there has been genetic introgression between domestic Bactrian camels and dromedaries. In addition, positive values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test demonstrated a decrease in population size and/or balancing selection in the wild Bactrian camel population. In contrast, the negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test in East Asian Bactrian camel populations explained the demographic expansion and/or positive selection. Conclusion: In summary, we report novel information regarding the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic dynamics of Old World camels. The findings obtained from the present study reveal that abundant genetic diversity occurs in domestic Bactrian camel populations and dromedaries, while there are low levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the wild Bactrian camel population.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.61-77
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• 2022

This study looked at the deviation of each textbook, focusing on the detailed learning content related to the quadratic curve properties contained in high school geometry textbooks. Rather than criticizing the diversity of content elements covered in high school geometry textbooks and suggesting alternatives, it focused on analyzing the actual conditions of content element diversity. The curriculum specifies that the practical application of the quadratic curve should be emphasized so that student could recognize the usefulness and value. However, as a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the purpose of the curriculum and the structure of the textbook did not match somewhat, the deviation of content elements for each textbook was quite large. In terms of acknowledging the diversity of teaching and learning, the diversity of each textbook on the methods of the introduction and the natures related to the quadratic curve can be fully recognized. But in our educational reality, which is aiming for the university entrance examination system through national evaluation such as CSAT, the results are too sensitive in society as a whole, so the diversity of expressions in mathematics textbooks is sometimes interpreted as a disadvantage of evaluation. It is time to reconsider the composition of textbooks that recognizes the diversity of content elements in textbook teaching and learning and at the same time reflects the aspect of equality in evaluation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.32-48
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• 2024

Background: Longitudinal connectivity in river systems strongly affects biological components related to ecosystem functioning, thereby playing an important role in shaping local biodiversity and ecosystem health. Environmental DNA (eDNA)-based metabarcoding has an advantage of enabling to sensitively diagnose the presence/absence of species, becoming an efficient/effective approach for studying the community structure of ecosystems. However, little attention has been paid to eDNA-based biomonitoring for river systems, particularly for assessing the river longitudinal connectivity. In this study, by using eDNA we analyzed and compared species diversity and composition among artificial barriers to assess the longitudinal connectivity of the fish community along down-, mid- and upstream in the Hotancheon from the Geum River basin. Moreover, we investigated temporal variation in eDNA fish community structure and species diversity according to season. Results: The results of species detected between eDNA and conventional surveys revealed higher sensitivity for eDNA and 61% of species (23/38) detected in both methods. The results showed that eDNA-based fish community structure differs from down-, mid- and upstream, and species diversity decreased from down to upstream regardless of season. We found that there was generally higher species diversity at the study sites in spring (a total number of species across the sites [n] = 29) than in autumn (n = 27). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and heatmap analyses further suggest that there was a tendency for community clusters to form in the down-, mid- and upstream, and seasonal variation in the community structure also existed for the sites. Dominant species in the Hotancheon was Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (26.07%) regardless of season, and subdominant species was Nipponocypris koreanus (16.50%) in spring and Odontobutis platycephala (15.73%) in autumn. Artificial barriers appeared to negatively affect the connectivity of some fish species of high mobility. Conclusions: This study attempts to establish a biological monitoring system by highlighting the versatility and power of eDNA metabarcoding in monitoring native fish community and further evaluating the longitudinal connectivity of river ecosystems. The results of this study suggest that eDNA can be applied to identify fish community structure and species diversity in river systems, although some shortcomings remain still need to be resolved.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.719-736
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• 2022

Environmental risk assessment of living modified (LM) crops is essential for their cultivation. In this study, we cultivated β-carotene enhanced transgenic soybean (LM soybean) and non-LM soybean (Gwangan) in living modified organism (LMO) isolated fields, and investigated changes in the insect fauna using three types of collection methods for three years. In total, 331,483 individual insects and arachnids, representing 82 families in 14 orders, were captured during the study. Totals of 166,518 and 164,965 individual insects and arachnids were collected from LM soybean and Gwangan, respectively. Throughout the study, although there were differences between the investigation year, region, and methods, there were no significant differences between the population densities of insect pests, natural enemies, and other insects on LM soybean and non-LM soybean. Also, there were no statistically significant differences between varieties in the results of the species diversity analysis. The data on insect species population densities were subjected to multidimensional scaling (MDS), which did not distinguish between the two varieties, LM soybean and the non-LM soybean, in all cultivated fields. However, the results of the MDS analysis were completely divided into six groups based on the yearly survey areas. These results provided the insect diversity for an environmental risk assessment of LM soybean and suggested that the guideline could be useful to detect LM crops.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.283-294
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• 2007

Conventional culture-based methods of enumerating rumen microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and fungi) are being rapidly replaced by nucleic acid-based techniques which can be used to characterise complex microbial communities without incubation. The foundation of these techniques is 16S/18S rDNA sequence analysis which has provided a phylogenetically based classification scheme for enumeration and identification of microbial community members. While these analyses are very informative for determining the composition of the microbial community and monitoring changes in population size, they can only infer function based on these observations. The next step in functional analysis of the ecosystem is to measure how specific and, or, predominant members of the ecosystem are operating and interacting with other groups. It is also apparent that techniques which optimise the analysis of complex microbial communities rather than the detection of single organisms will need to address the issues of high throughput analysis using many primers/probes in a single sample. Nearly all the molecular ecological techniques are dependant upon the efficient extraction of high quality DNA/RNA representing the diversity of ruminal microbial communities. Recent reviews and technical manuals written on the subject of molecular microbial ecology of animals provide a broad perspective of the variety of techniques available and their potential application in the field of animal science which is beyond the scope of this treatise. This paper will focus on nucleic acid based molecular methods which have recently been developed for studying major functional groups (cellulolytic bacteria, protozoa, fungi and methanogens) of microorganisms that are important in nutritional studies, as well as, novel methods for studying microbial diversity and function from a genomics perspective.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.424-434
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to propose a teaching model to improve the cultural competence care of undergraduate Korean nursing students. Methods: A literature review was performed from 2000 through 2014 using internet to identify studies that presented nursing curricula and teaching-learning strategies in Korea. We analyzed retrieved Korean seven articles using Campinha-Bacote's ASKED model in combination with reflective experiences of authors observing classrooms in the U.S. Results: Six syllabuses presented information about cultural diversity nursing concepts in Korea. A traditional lecture focused on presenting contents about cultural knowledge by an instructor in the classroom was identified as a commonly used teaching strategy. We found that cultural competency related to cultural desire, awareness, and encounter was lacking. Thus, we developed teaching model based on the Korean nursing education contexts and combined with Campinha-Bacote model to improve cultural competency in nursing. Conclusions: The proposed teaching model shows promise as a strategy for improving the knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to cultural competent for undergraduate nursing students in Korea. However, evidences that this model improves nursing students' clinical practices reflecting cultural competent care are still lacking. Future research focusing on determining teaching methods and contents in clinical practices will be most effective.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.375-383
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• 2007

To find out the affection of the sampling techniques to the result of a faunistic study, we surveyed the insect fauna of the Chungbuk National University (four different sites) for a year, from spring to fall. For each site, four different collecting methods: light trap, net sweeping, pitfall trap, and window trap, were applied and the collecting was done every other week for a total of 16 times. A total of 14 orders and 672 species were collected. 501 species were collected by the light trap, which covers about 75% of the total number of species, turn out to be the most effective, while other methods could only cover 18% or less. On average, only about 30% of the species collected at a given time of collecting were re-collected at the next collecting, which means about 70% of the species collected from the first collecting remains not collected in the next collecting if you collect insects every other week. The result suggests that, in addition to applying diverse collecting methods, frequent sampling, or narrow sample window, is another very important factor for a good representation of species diversity in an insect faunistic study.