• The Korean Nurse
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.108-117
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to examine the standards for evaluation of laboratory facilities and equipment. These constitute the most important yet vulnerable area of our system of higher education among the six school evaluation categories provided by the Korean Council for University Education. To obtain data on the present situation of holdings and management of laboratory facilities and equipment at nursing schools in Korea, questionnaires were prepared by members of a special committee of the Korea Nursing Education Society on the basis of the Standards for University Laboratory Facilities and Equipment issued by the Ministry of Education. The questionnaires were sent to nursing schools across the nation by mail on October 4, 1995. 39 institutions completed and returned the questionnaires by mail by December 31 of the same year. The results of the analysis of the survey were as follows: 1. The Physical Environment of Laboratories According to the results of investigation of 14 nursing departments at four-year colleges, laboratories vary in size ranging from 24 to 274.91 pyeong ($1{\;}pyeong{\;}={\;}3.3m^2).$. The average number of students in a laboratory class was 46.93 at four-year colleges, while the number ranged from 40 to 240 in junior colleges. The average floor space of laboratories at junior colleges, however, was almost the same as those, of laboratories at four-year colleges. 2. The Actual State of Laboratory Facilities and Equipment Laboratory equipment possessed by nursing schools at colleges and universities showed a very wide distribution by type, but most of it does not meet government standards according to applicable regulations while some types of equipment are in excess supply. The same is true of junior colleges. where laboratory equipment should meet a different set of government standards specifically established for junior colleges. Closer investigation is called for with regard to those types of equipment which are in short supply in more than 80 percent of colleges and universities. As for the types of equipment in excess supply, investigation should be carried out to determine whether they are really needed in large quantities or should be installed. In many cases, it would appear that unnecessary equipment is procured, even if it is already obsolete, merely for the sake of holding a seemingly impressive armamentarium. 3. Basic Science Laboratory Equipment Among the 39 institutions, five four-year colleges were found to possess equipment for basic science. Only one type of essential equipment, tele-thermometers, and only two types of recommended equipment, rotators and dip chambers, were installed in sufficient numbers to meet the standards. All junior colleges failed to meet the standards in all of equipment categories. Overall, nursing schools at all of the various institutions were found to be below per in terms of laboratory equipment. 4. Required Equipment In response to the question concerning which type of equipment was most needed and not currently in possession, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) machines and electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors topped the list with four respondents each, followed by measuring equipment. 5. Management of Laboratory Equipment According to the survey, the professors in charge of clinical training and teaching assistants are responsible for management of the laboratory at nursing schools at all colleges and universities, whereas the chief of the general affairs section or chairman of the nursing department manages the laboratory at junior colleges. This suggests that the administrative systems are more or less different. According to the above results, laboratory training could be defined as a process by which nursing students pick up many of the nursing skills necessary to become fully qualified nurses. Laboratory training should therefore be carefully planned to provide students with high levels of hands-on experience so that they can effectively handle problems and emergencies in actual situations. All nursing students should therefore be thoroughly drilled and given as much on-the-job experience as possible. In this regard, there is clearly a need to update the equipment criteria as demanded by society's present situation rather than just filling laboratory equipment quotas according to the current criteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.58 no.1
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 1982

Main consideration of this trial is to know whether the planting work should be possible to do not only in the early spring but also in the summer or autumn, for giving the guide to get the work plan and to broaden the employing season of the skilled forest worker. Seedling of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepsis, Pinus rigida, Pinus rigida${\times}$ P. taeda(wind) and Chamaecyparia obtusa as the test species had been planted in 15 days interval from the middle of March to the end of November. The seedling survival was investigated in the spring time of coming year because the winter damage could be problems. At the same time the climate data was measured daily and the shoot growth of test species were also measured in other near plantation at 15 days interval to know the influence to survival. From these results the spring and autumn planting is showing the good survival and the summer planting seems to give the difficulties. The spring planting in the southern temperate zone could be stared earlier as the end of February or beginning of March because the soil temperature are increasing up more $5^{\circ}C$ from this time. But the summer planting from the beginning of May until the end of August in better to avoid with excluding specially the good season of rainfall distribution because of the shoot growth of green confer seedling and the leave sprouting of Larix leptolepsis are so vigorously growing up from the begining of May and its wood structure is too weak to compensate the water loss. But among the test species Pinus koraiensis and Chamaecyparis obtusa have more possibility to plant in the summer season. The autumn planting seems to be very reasonable to accept newly in the trial region. This may be the reasons of still high soil temperature to grow the seedling root and of hardened school to resist from the dry winter wind. But it will be carefully that the strongly exposured site could be to avoid for the autumn planting in case of specially Pinus rigida${\times}$P. taeda and Chamaecyparis obtusa. From these discussion the guide table 1 for planting season with the test species is proposed and can be used for planing and employing in the trial zone.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.46-46
• /
• 2011

Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2017

SS(Suspended Solid) concentration by soil erosion into river at normal and flood season should be measured. However, to present the variation of SS due to various development project such as EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment), River Master Plan, and so on, it is necessary to estimate not measure SS, but there are not exist how to estimate SS. In the present study, therefore, we propose the hydrologic method of estimating SS concentration using the results of particular frequency flood discharge and sediment discharge by RUSLE method. SS consists of silty and clay soil and colloid particle etc. However, in the present study, silty and clay soils of sediment discharge except send set up SS standards. The flow discharge to estimate SS concentration are 1~2 years for normal season, 30~100 years for flood season. Meanwhile, analysis software for probable rainfall uses Fard2006, probable rainfalls under 2-year frequency are estimated using rainfall data and frequency factor of Gumbel distribution. The results of estimating SS concentration using runoff volume by sediment and flow discharges of silty and cray soils as above method show that reliable level of SS concentration is considered in predevelopment of natural condition and under development of barren condition. Especially, SS concentration takes notice that the value of sediment discharge makes a huge difference according to channel slope, it was confirmed that the value obtained by dividing the SS concentration by the channel slope is relatively constant even though the topographical factors are different. Therefore, if the present study will be proceeded for various watersheds, it will be developed as estimation method of SS concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.10
• /
• pp.1559-1565
• /
• 2005

The Purpose of this study was to investigate college students' attitude toward body weight control, health-related lifestyle and dietary behavior by their perception on body image and obesity index. The subjects were 871 nation- wide college students (330 male and 541 female students) participating in a nutritional education program via internet- A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire via internet. The data were analyzed by a SPSS 10.0 program. Height and weight (p < 0.05), and the distribution of obesity index (p < 0.001) showed significant differences between male and female college students. As for self perception on body image, the necessity of body weight control and the experience of efforts to change the body weight, there were significant differences between male and female college students (p < 0.001). There were significant differences among groups by obesity index in the hours of exercise (p < 0.01), drinking (p < 0.01) and smoking (P < 0.001). As for methods of body weight control, all the groups by obesity index thought that program of body weight control by diet company is the most desirable method. Therefore, we must recognize that it is hard to correct health problems resulting from wrong lifestyle and dietary behavior fixed during college life and prepare a system for college students to obtain correct lifestyle and dietary behavior.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2002

A total of 4 muddy sediment samples collected from the Central Yellow Sea were analyzed for chemical composition. The results are compared with the previously published Huanghe, Changjiang and Keum River geochemical data in order to understand provenance and sedimentation of fine-grained mud, and the sediment accumulation rates estimated. The sandy sediment facies is distributed in the eastern area, a patch of fine-grained mud exists in the western central prat, and the sandy mud and clay sedimentary facies shot. north to south zonal distribution in the central region. The content of calcium carbonate ranges from 2.8 to 10.5%, and its distributional trends to be more concentrated on the western muddy sediments near toward the China side rather than on the eastern sandy sediments. The accumulation rates obtained using Pb-210 geochronologies for the muddy sediments in the Central Yellow Sea showed ranges from 0.21 to 0.68 cm/yr or 0.176 to 0.714 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. yr. The sedimentation rate from core CY96010 located in the eastern near side of Shandong Peninsula which is affected by the Huanghe River shows 0.68 cm/yr or 0.714 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ . yr. The sediment cores CY96008 and CY96002 in the Central Yellow Sea, the estimated of sediment accumulation rates shows 0.21~0.23cm1yr or 0.176~0.220 9/$\textrm{cm}^2$.Vr respectively, which are much lower than above samples. These indicate that the muddy sediments in central area of the Yellow Sea may have received influence of the sediment discharge from the Huanghe River. The concentrations of Ca, Na, Sr, Ho, La, Tb, Ta and Ca/Ti ratio of the muddy sediments in the Central Yellow Sea are higher than those of the Changjiang sediments and lower than those of the Huanghe sediments. However, these element values showed similar concentration patterns than those of the Huanghe sediment. The element contents such as Fe, Ti, Nl, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sc, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Cd and Dy in the study area are higher than those of the Huanghe sediments and lower than the Changjiang River sediments, but these values showed close to resemblance content trends those of the Changjiang sediment. The concentration of Mn, K and Sr in sediments of the study area are similar to those of the Keum River and eastern Yellow Sea sediment. They are rich in Zn, Rb, Cd, U, Cs and Li than those of the other comparison legions. Therefore, the terrigenous materials sources of the muddy sediment in the Central Yellow Sea comes mainly from Huanghe River in the past and present, and also have party derived from the Changjiang and Keum River, while the biological deposit in this area are carried by the Yellow Sea Warm Current.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.357-367
• /
• 2018

Recent earthquakes in Gyeongju and Pohang have raised interest in liquefaction in South Korea. Liquefaction, which is a phenomenon that excessive pore pressure is generated and the shear strength of soil is decreased by repeated loads such as earthquakes, causes severe problems such as ground subsidence and overturning of structures. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and prepare for the possibility of liquefaction in advance. In general, the possibility of liquefaction is quantitatively assessed using the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI), but it takes a lot of time and effort for performing site response analysis which is essential for the liquefaction evaluation. In this study, a simple method to evaluate the liquefaction potential without executing the site response analysis in a downtown area with a lot of borehole data was proposed. In this simple method, the correlation between the average shear wave velocity of the target location ground and the LPI divided by thickness of liquefiable layer was established. And the applicable correlation equation for various rock outcrop accelerations were derived. Using the 104 boreholes information in Seoul, the correlation equation between LPI and the shear wave velocity (ground water level: 0m, 1m, 2m, 3m) is obtained and the possibility of liquefaction occurrence in Seoul and Gyeongju is evaluated. The applicability of the proposed simple method was verified by comparing the LPI values calculated from the correlation equation and the LPI values derived using the existing site response analysis. Finally, the distribution map of LPI calculated from the correlation was drawn using Kriging, a geostatistical technique.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.356-370
• /
• 2017

The energy savings and $CO_2$ emission reductions obtainable from the situation that the Smart Grid system (SGs) is assumed to be applied in Korea up to 2030 is quantitatively analyzed with many reported data. For calculation, SGs is divided into five sectors such as Smart Transmission and Distribution (ST&D), Smart Consumer (SC), Smart Electricity Service (SES), Smart Renewable Energy (SRE) and Smart Transportation (ST). Total annual energy savings in 2030 is estimated to be approximately 103,121 GWh and this is 13.1% of total electricity consumption outlook. Based on this value, total amount of reducible $CO_2$ emissions is calculated to 55.38 million $tCO_2$, which is 17.6% of total nation's GHG reduction target. Although the contribution of energy saving due to SGs to total electricity consumption increases as years go by, that of $CO_2$ emission reduction gradually decreases. This might be because that coal fired based power generation is planned to be sharply increased and the rate of $CO_2$ emission reduction scheduled by nation is very fast. The contributable portion of five each sector to total $CO_2$ emission reductions in 2030 is estimated to be 44.37% for SC, 29.16% for SRE, 20.12% for SES, 5.11% for ST&D, and 1.24% for ST.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.114-118
• /
• 2006

A study on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was conducted in broilers following a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) doses of 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Florfenicol concentrations in plasma were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Plasma concentration-time data after i.v. administration were analyzed by a non-compartmental analysis. Following i.v. injection, the total body clearance was $0.74{\pm}0.25L/kg/h$ and the volume of distribution at steady-state was $1.16{\pm}0.19L/kg$. Florfenicol was rapidly distributed and eliminated following i.v. injection with $1.15{\pm}1.06h$ of elimination half-life. After oral administration, the calculated $C_{max}$ values ($8.18{\pm}0.97{\mu}g/mL$) were reached at $1.33{\pm}0.29h$ in broilers. The elimination half-life of florfenicol was $1.31{\pm}0.27h$ and the absolute bioavailability (F) was 75.46% after oral administration of florfenicol. Florfenicol amine, a major metabolite of florfenicol, was detected in all broilers after i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol. The observed $C_{max}$ values of florfenicol amine ($3.96{\pm}2.60\;and\;2.22{\pm}1.71{\mu}g/mL$) were reached at $0.16{\pm}0.19\;and\;1.61{\pm}1.02h$ after i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol, respectively. Florfenicol amine was eliminated with $1.88{\pm}0.39\;and\;2.64{\pm}1.39h$ of the elimination half-life after i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol, respectively.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.233-239
• /
• 2000

Purpose : A great deal of youngsters suffer from otitis media, for which antimicrobials are frequently prescribed. Increased antimicrobial resistance forces physicians to judiciously use antimicrobial agents in treating patients with acute otitis media. There have however been few references with regard to otitis media in Korean children, and authors proceeded investigation to look for the causative agents of otitis media in Korean children and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Methods : The study included 65 patients younger than 15 years old who had been cared at the department of pediatrics and otolaryngology in Hanyang University Hospital from July 1994 to June 1999, and diagnosed of otitis media with otorrhea which contained microorganisms isolated in otorrhea culture. The medical records were reviewed for demographic data, isolated organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Results : Among 65 patients, 37(57%) were boys and 28(43%) girls. Distribution of the patients was reciprocal to the age of the patients; 27 patients(41.5%) were younger than 1 year old, 24(36.9%) were 1 to 3 years old with the average of 2.9 years of age. Staphylococus aureus was isolated in 32 patients(49.2%), Streptococcus pneumoniae in 19 patients(29.2%) Haemophilus influenzae in 9 patients(13.8%), Streptococcus oralis in 3 patients(4.6%), Moraxella catarrhalis in 1 patient(1.5%). The isolated microorganisms were not different whether patients had cleft lip/palate or not. The antibiotic resistance rates of S. aureus were ${\geq}90%$ to erythromycin, imipenem, cephalothin, and clindamycin, 86.2% to oxacillin, 25% to chloramphenicol, 12.5% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX), and 0% to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The antibiotic resistance rates of S. pneumoniae were 71.4% to penicillin and greater than 60% to erythromycin, tetracycline, TMP/SMX, 7.1% to chloramphenicol, and 0% to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The antibiotic resistance rates of H. influenzae were 55% to ampicillin and TMP/SMX, and 0% to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion : With otorrhea culture, the causative organisms of otitis media appear to be S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. The high antibiotic resistance rates of the isolated organisms should affect the choice of antibiotics in treating patients with otitis media. Prospective investigations utilizing tympanocentesis in microbiologic studies are needed.