• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercial disinfectants at inactivating Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in water. Disinfectant I contained 6.15% sodium hypochlorite, and disinfectant II contained both 2.25% n-alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and 2.25% n-alkyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Disinfectant I was added to distilled water to obtain a range of residual chloride concentrations at 50 ppm intervals with a maximum of 1-1,000 ppm. Disinfectant II was prepared at concentrations ranging from 1-200 ppm with 5 ppm intervals. Exposure time for all solutions was 10 min. In total, 58 E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains were tested in this study. Nine isolates were obtained from clinical samples, and 49 isolates were obtained from environmental samples. Seven strains (6 clinical and 1 environmental) were able to survive in 100 ppm disinfectant I, and a maximum of 5 ppm of disinfectant II. Fifty one strains (3 clinical and 48 environmental) were not killed in 10 ppm of disinfectant I and 1 ppm of disinfectant II in water. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that clinical E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains displayed 5- to 10-fold higher resistance to disinfectants than environmental E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains. Disinfectant II, containing quaternary ammonium compounds, was shown to be more potent in inactivating E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in water used to clean infant formula manufacturing equipment than disinfectant I.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.496-501
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• 2010

Fish pathogenic bacteria are a considerable danger of farmed fish and a source of economic loss in the fish farming industry. In this study, $Nanoxil^{(R)}$ was compared to hydrogen peroxide and a silver colloid in terms of disinfection efficacy against E. tarda, V. anguillarum and S. iniae. A bactericidal efficacy test conducted by a broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. $Nanoxil^{(R)}$ and test bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or an organic matter suspension (OM) according to the treatment condition. Under the OM condition, the bactericidal activity of $Nanoxil^{(R)}$ against E. tarda exhibited a lowered efficacy compared to that under the DW and HW conditions. $Nanoxil^{(R)}$ at 500 fold (dilutions on) under all of the conditions demonstrated a high bactericidal efficacy against S. iniae. As $Nanoxil^{(R)}$ possess bactericidal efficacy against fish pathogenic bacteria such as E. tarda, V. anguillarum and S. iniae, this disinfectant solution can be used to limit the spread of fish bacterial diseases.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.482-487
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• 2011

Salmonellosis and brucellosis have caused a considerable danger of farmed animals and economic loss in animal farming industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of Citra-Kill$^{(R)}$, a commercial disinfectant, composed to quaternary ammonium chloride and citric acid was evaluated against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$. Citra-Kill$^{(R)}$ and test bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On OM condition, the bactericidal activity of Citra-Kill$^{(R)}$ against S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis was lowered compared to that on HW condition. As Citra-Kill$^{(R)}$ possesses bactericidal efficacy against animal pathogenic bacteria such as S. typhimurium and Brucella ovis, this disinfectant solution can be used to control the spread of animal bacterial diseases.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 4급 암모늄에 속하는 quaternary ammonium chloride와 구연산의 합제인 Citra-$Kill^{(R)}$의 조류인플루엔자에 대한 살바이러스 효과를 확인하기 위해 국립수의과학검역원의 소독제 효력시험 중 바이러스 소독제 효력시험에 따라 수행하였다. 소독제와 조류인플루엔자바이러스를 증류수, 경수, 그리고 유기물 조건에서 반응시킨 후, 중화액을 이용하여 중화시킨 다음, 중화된 용액 0.2 ml를 10일령의 계태아 요막에 주입하여 5일 동안 배양시킨 다음, 요막액을 채취하여 바이러스의 생존여부를 혈구응집반응을 통해 확인하여 소독제의 효력배수를 결정하였다. 본 연구의 결과, Citra-$Kill^{(R)}$은 증류수, 경수, 그리고 유기물 조건에서 각각 2,000, 1,500, 그리고 500배에서 조류인플루엔자바이러스를 불활성화시켜, 조류인플루엔자에 대해 뛰어난 소독효과를 갖고 있는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 향후, 야외적용시험을 통해 실제적용에 따른 효과를 확인할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 4급 암모늄에 속하는 didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC)와 유카추출물 (Yucca extract)의 합제인 아쿠아 팜세이프$^{(R)}$의 어류 질병 병원체에 대한 살균효과를 확인하기 위하여 농림수산검역검사본부의 소독제 효력시험 중 세균 및 바이러스 소독제 효력시험에 따라 수행하였다. 소독제와 병원체를 증류수, 경수 그리고 유기물 조건에서 반응시킨 후, 중화액을 이용하여 중화시킨 다음, 중화된 용액을 배지 및 주화세포에서 접종시켜 세균의 성장 및 세포변성효과를 통해 소독제의 효력배수를 결정하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 아쿠아 팜세이프$^{(R)}$는 식중독을 일으키는 공시균주 살모넬라균 (S. typhimurim)에 비하여, 어병세균이 30~40배 이상 높은 희석농도에서 소독효과를 나타내었으며, VHSV에 대하여서는 2,000~3,600배의 유효한 효력배수를 나타내었다. 따라서, 향후, 야외적용시험을 통해 실제 적용에 따른 효과를 확인할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2012

Salmonellosis is a widespread bacterial zoonosis that commonly causes enterocolitis and foodborne poisoning leading to an extensive economic loss in domestic animal industry. Considerably, the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella spp. induces further severe problems affecting public health. The present report was designated to investigate the antibacterial efficacies of three common disinfectants including an oxidizing compound disinfectant (OXC), a triple salt (TS) and a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) against Salmonella typhimurium subjected to the preliminary changes of drug temperature. All solutions of three disinfectants were pre-incubated at different temperature (22, 37 and $63^{\circ}C$) for 1 h prior to exposure to bacteria. The disinfectants and bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OMS) according to treatment condition. Under the DW condition, the disinfectant efficacy of the QAC at $63^{\circ}C$ was higher than that of $22^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, under HW diluent the disinfectant efficacy of the TS pre-warmed at both of 37 and $63^{\circ}C$ were increased compared to that of $22^{\circ}C$. Considerably, the efficacy of pre-warmed QAC at both of 37 and $63^{\circ}C$ under the OMS diluent were higher than that of $22^{\circ}C$. Conclusively, prewarming at higher temperatures have positive effects on the stability of the antibacterial efficacies of TS and QAC.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2016

Objectives: This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy against avian influenza virus (AIV) of a disinfectant spray containing 0.25% grapefruit seed extract, 0.2% citric acid, 0.0625% malic acid and 0.0125% benzalkonium chloride. Methods: The disinfectant spray was diluted several times with hard water (HW) and organic matter (OM). Two point five mL of each diluent was added into each test tube, and 2.5 mL of AIV suspension was inserted into each test tube. After 30 minutes of virus-disinfectant contact reaction at $4^{\circ}C$, 2.5 mL of 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum was added into each test tube to neutralize the sanitizer efficacy. The neutralized solutions were serial 10-fold dilutions with phosphate buffer solution, and 0.2 mL of the diluents was injected into the allantoic cavity of five ten-day-old-chickens per dilution time. After incubation of the embryos for five days, the viability of the AIV was examined by hemagglutination titer. The valid dilution of the disinfectant spray was estimated according to the dilution time that the virus titer was inactivated more than $10^4$ 50% egg-infective dose (EID50)/mL compared with pathogen control. Results: In HW and OM conditions, the valid dilutions of the disinfectant spray against AIV were seven- and three-fold dilutions, respectively. The AIV titer of the pathogen control was more than 6.1 log10EID50/mL, and there was no embryonic toxicity. Conclusion: The present study showed that this disinfectant spray has effective virucidal activity against AIV.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2012

살모넬라와 부루셀라는 가축에 심각한 질병을 유발하며, 축산업과 식품산업에 많은 경제적 손실을 초래하고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 이산화염소와 베타인 염산염을 주성분으로 한 소독제 바이탈옥사이드의 $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$과 $Brucella$ $ovis$에 대한 효력시험을 수행하였다. 배지희석법을 이용한 살균효력시험은 $4^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안 시험 세균을 희석 소독제에 노출시켜 소독제의 가장 효과적인 낮은 희석배수를 결정하는 시험이다. 바이탈옥사이드와 시험 세균들을 처리조건에 따라 증류수, 경수, 그리고 유기물 등으로 희석하여 반응을 시켰다. 유기물 조건에서, $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$과 $Brucella$ $ovis$에 대한 바이탈옥사이드의 살균력은 경수조건에서의 살균력과 비교하여 낮게 나타났는데, 이는 유기물들에 의한 소독제의 살균 유효성분에 대한 저해작용에 따른 것으로 생각된다. 바이탈옥사이드는 $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$과 $Brucella$ $ovis$와 같은 가축병원성 질병들에 대해 살균효과를 갖고 있기 때문에, 이 소독제는 세균성 질병의 확산을 제어하는데 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

Silkworm diseases are better prevented than cured. Disinfection and hygiene are the two important aspects in silkworm rearing to prevent the diseases. Suitable disinfectant is the primary need to disinfect the rearing house, its surroundings and appliances to eliminate the persistent pathogens from the rearing environment. In this direction, Serichlor, a new disinfectant in Indian Sericulture marketed as Serichlor-60 (contains 60,000 ppm of chlorine dioxide) and Serichlor-20 (contains 20,000 ppm of chlorine dioxide) has been evaluated for its germicidal effect against the pathogens of silkworm, viz., spores of Nosema bombycis, Bacillus thuringiensis, polyhedra of BmNPV and conidia of Beauveria bassiana both in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that high concentration (2,500 ppm of chlorine dioxide) is required to kill all the pathogens at 100% level. The efficacy of the Serichlor was greatly enhanced by the addition of 0.5% slaked lime solution. 500 ppm of chlorine dioxide in 0.5% slaked lime solution was found effective against all the pathogens tested. This concentration of disinfectant was also found effective for disinfection of rearing house, rearing appliances and silkworm egg surface. The disinfectant is stable, non hazardous, least corrosive and most suitable for Indian Sericulture.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2003

Silkworm body and rearing seat disinfection is an integral part of effective silkworm rearing as it prevents the spread of various diseases through secondary contamination in the rearing bed. Many bed disinfectants are recommended by various research institutes in India. In the present study, eight bed disinfectants viz., Vijetha, Labex, Resham Jyothi, Sanjeevini, Suraksha, Reshamkeet Oushadh, Dithane M45 and Captan recommended by various Sericultural Research Institutions in the country against the spread of common diseases of silkworm were tested to determine their comparative efficacy. For the study, all the treatment batches were introduced with fixed number of specific diseased larvae so as to maintain a constant source of pathogen in the bed and then followed by treatment with respective bed disinfectants. Percent mortality/infection due to each disease was recorded to determine efficacy of bed disinfectant treatment against respective disease. The results show that all the bed disinfectants tested have considerable efficacy against the spread of various diseases in the rearing bed. However, Vijetha was distinctly superior in its efficacy against all four major diseases of silkworm. The study emphasize the role of bed disinfectants in silkworm rearing and the fact that they should be judiciously selected based on the efficacy of the bed disinfectant and the type of disease prevalent in a particular season and area.