• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2023

This study compared the degree of disc degeneration of intervertebral disc between normal disc and disc disease using Magnetic Resonance images of tholacolumbar and lumbar vertebrae in dogs. The sample population consisted of 72 dogs and 188 intervertebral discs. These dogs were divided into four groups according to MRI criteria: normal, disc protrusion, disc extrusion, and fibrocartilaginous embolism. The Pfirrmann classification developed by Pfirrmann for use in human medicine was used to assess the degree of disc degeneration. Statistical analysis revealed that disc diseases had a significant difference in the degree of disc degeneration compared to normal discs in the intervertebral disc. Fibrocartilaginous embolism was found to have a relatively low disc degenerative change compared to two other disc disease groups, disc protrusion and disc extrusion. Disc degeneration in the disc extrusion group was slightly higher than that in the disc protrusion group, although the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.42-52
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the severity and direction of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) on the facet joints and paraspinal muscles. Design: Cross-sectional design. Methods: The subjects were divided according to the diagnosis for severity of unilateral herniation of L4-L5 disc. The groups consisted of disc protrusion group (n=15), disc extrusion group (n=15), and no disc herniation group (n=15). The asymmetry and angle of facet joints and the cross-sectional area of paraspinal muscles were analyzed and compared using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: The results showed that the angle of facet tropism was larger in disc extrusion group than the disc protrusion group and the difference was found to be significant difference (p<0.01). In addition, when both left and right angles of patients with unilateral disc herniation were measured, the results showed larger facet joint angle in the herniated area of the disc extrusion group than in the disc protrusion group. When paraspinal muscles were measured according to the severity of disc herniation and the degree of facet joint asymmetry, there was no difference in paraspinal muscles between the disc protrusion and disc extrusion groups. Meanwhile, the multifidus muscle was smaller in the group with facet tropism than the group without facet tropism (p<0.03), while there were no significant differences in the erector spinae and psoas muscles. Conclusion: Progression of disc herniation resulted in increased facet joint tropism, increased angle of the facet joints in the direction of disc herniation, and decreased size of the multifidus muscle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.467-469
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• 2017

Signalment: A 7-month-old, female domestic shorthaired cat was presented for acute pelvic limb paraparesis. Results: There was no abnormality on survey radiographs and blood analysis, however neurological examination revealed proprioception positioning and hopping was absent in the pelvic limbs. Also, anal tone and perineal sensation were reduced. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed nucleus pulposus dehydration and disc protrusion at T12-T13. Ill-defined diffuse lesion was found at T10-L2 level and it showed isointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted and FLAIR images. This lesion was considered as edematous lesion secondary to disc protrusion. The presumptive diagnosis was focal spinal cord edema associated with intervertebral disc protrusion. A traumatic aetiology was suspected. The cat was treated corticosteroids and analgesic and clinical sign improved following 9 days of treatment. Clinical relevance : Intervertebral disc protrusion is rare disease in a cat. However, it could be considered as a cause of paraparesis in cats.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1999

The classification of herniated intervertebral lumbar disc type is clinically important, as treatment method may be slightly different according to the type of herniated intervertebral disc. When 450 patients who suffered from herniated intervertebral lumbar disc were tested with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to find out the type of herniated disc, the following findings were given : 1. The age of the patients investigated ranged from 15 to 83, and their mean age was 40. 2. The male patients were twice as many as the female patients, since the ratio of males to females was 300 : 150. 3. 118 patients suffered from a single herniated disc, and 332 patients were attacked with multi-herniated disc. 4. The types of single herniated disc were a protrusion for 50 patients (40%) and an extrusion for 40 patients (34%). The part of being herniated was an intervertebral disc between $L_4-L_5$ for 95 patients(80%) and the same disc between $L_5-S_1$ for 22 patients(19%). 5. The types of multi : -herniated disc were an protrusion for 67 patients(20%) and an extrusion for 70 patients(21%). Besides, 90 patients (28%) were the case that protrusion and extrusion coexisted simultaneously. The parts of being herniated were $L_3-L_4,\;L_4-L_5$ and $L_5-S_1$ for 53 patients(16%), $L_3-L_4$ and $L_4-L_5$ for 57 patients(17%), and $L_4-L_5$ and $L_5-S_1$ for 139 patients(42%).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.173-189
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of specific head positions on the mandibular rotational torque movements in maximum mouth opening, protrusion and lateral excursion. Thirty dental students without any sign or symptom of temporomandibular disorders(TMDs) were included as a control group and 90 patients with TMDs were selected and examined by routine diagnostic procedure for TMDs including radiographs and were classified into 3 subgroups : disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, and degenerative joint disease. Mandibular rotational torque movements were observed in four head postures: upright head posture(NHP), upward head posture(UHP), downward head posture(DHP), and forward head posture(FHP). For UHP, the head was inclined 30 degrees upward: for DHP, the head was inclined 30 degrees downward: for FHP, the head was positioned 4cm forward. These positions were adjusted with the use of cervical range-of-motion instrumentation(CROM, Performance Attainment Inc., St. Paul, U.S.A.). Mandibular rotational torque movements were monitored with the Rotate program of BioPAK system (Bioresearch Inc., WI, U.S.A.). The rotational torque movements in frontal and horizontal plane during mandibular border movement were recorded with two parameters: frontal rotational torque angle and horizontal rotational torque angle. The data obtained was analyzed by the SAS/Stat program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The control group showed significantly larger mandibular rotational angles in UHP than those in DHP and FHP during maximum mouth opening in both frontal and horizontal planes. Disc displacement with reduction group showed significantly larger mandibular rotational angles in DHP and FHP than those in NHP during lateral excursion to the affected and non-affected sides in both frontal and horizontal planes(p<0.05). 2. Disc displacement without reduction group showed significantly larger mandibular rotational angles in FHP than those in any other head postures during maximum mouth opening as well as lateral excursion to the affected and non-affected sides in both frontal and horizontal planes. Degenerative joint disease group showed significantly larger mandibular rotational angles in FHP than those in any other head postures during maximum mouth opening, protrusion and lateral excursion in both frontal and horizontal planes(p<0.05). 3. In NHP, mandibular rotational angle of the control group was significantly larger than that of any other patient subgroups. Mandibular rotational angle of disc displacement with reduction group was significantly larger than that of disc displacement without reduction group during maximum mouth opening in the frontal plane. Mandibular rotational angle of disc displacement without reduction group was significantly larger than that of disc displacement with reduction group or degenerative joint disease group during maximum mouth opening in the horizontal plane(p<0.05). 4. In NHP, mandibular rotational angles of disc displacement without reduction group were significantly larger than those of the control group or disc displacement with reduction group during lateral excursion to the affected side in both frontal and horizontal planes. Mandibular rotational angle of disc displacement without reduction group was significantly smaller than that of the control group during lateral excursion to the non-affected side in frontal plane. Mandibular rotational angle of disc displacement without reduction group was significantly larger than that of disc displacement with reduction group during lateral excursion to the non-affected side in the horizontal plane(p<0.05). 5. In NHP, mandibular rotational angle of the control group was significantly smaller than that of disc displacement with reduction group or disc displacement without reduction group during protrusion in the frontal plane. Mandibular rotational angle of disc displacement without reduction group was significantly larger than that of the disc displacement with reduction group or degenerative joint disease group during protrusion in the horizontal plane. Mandibular rotational angle of the control group was significantly smaller than that of disc displacement without reduction group or degenerative joint disease group during protrusion in the horizontal plane(p<0.05). 6. In NHP, disc displacement without reduction group and degenerative joint disease group showed significantly larger mandibular rotational angles during lateral excursion to the affected side than during lateral excursion to the non-affected side in both frontal and horizontal planes(p<0.05). The findings indicate that changes in head posture can influence mandibular rotational torque movements. The more advanced state is a progressive stage of TMDs, the more influenced by FHP are mandibular rotational torque movements of the patients with TMDs.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2013

Objectives : This study investigated the relationship between straight leg raising(SLR), valsalva test and size, position of lumbar disc herniation. Methods : We took SLR and valsalva test on 105 patients with lumbar disc herniation. According to the result of MRI findings, this study classified three groups of 105 patients with lumbar disc herniation, bulging, protrusion and extrusion. According to the position of lumbar disc herniation, 72 patients that were diagnosed protrusion and extrsuion were sorted 4 groups, lateral, lateral postero-lateral, central postero-lateral, central. The association size, position of lumbar disc herniation and SLR, valsalva test were analysed. Results : The bigger size of disc herniation, the more positive result of SLR and valsalva test, the lower angle of SLR test. There was not significant association between the position of lumbar disc herniation and the angle of SLR test. Conclusions : The SLR and valsalva test is an useful physical examination to speculate about the degree of lumbar disc herniation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.384-386
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• 2005

There have been several reports about abdominal pain due to discitis in children or thoracic disc herniation. However, none of them could verify causal relationship between disc disease and abdominal pain clearly. The authors report a patient with discogenic abdominal pain who had disc degeneration at lower lumbar level without definite protrusion or any evidence of inflammation. We could reproduce the abdominal pain by using discography. The patient was treated by percutaneous disc decompression successfully.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2013

Objective : The purpose of this study was to suggest (diagnostic) criteria for lumbar disc space and see the correlation between lumbar disc space narrowing and the level of HIVD. Methods : We looked at the 113 patients diagnosed disc space narrowing with lumbar x-ray and MRI films who have visited Jaseng Hospital of Oriental Medicine with low back pain in October,2013. The width of lumbar disc space and the severity of Herniated Intervertebral Disc(HIVD) on MRI films were collected and stastically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results : In this study, measured value(%) for lumbar disc space of the group diagnosed serious HIVD, such as protrusion, extrusion and migration was significantly decresed compared to the normal group and the bulging group. Conclusion : There was a significant correlation between lumbar disc space narrowing and the level of HIVD.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.13-25
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• 2004

Objective : Herniation of Nucleus Pulpous(HNP) of Lumbar is the most important reason that causes low back pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Bee-venom acua-acupuncture therapy for protrusion disc patients. Methods : To evaluate the effectiveness of Bee-Venom Acupuncture Therapy, 20 patients were treated by bee-venom acua-acupuncture therapy. To estimate the efficacy of treatment, we used Quardruple Visual Analog Scale(QVAS). Results : 1. As a objectivity treatment record, they test treatment record good 60%, fair 25%, excellent 15%. 2. After bee-venom therapy, pain rate changed from 8.25 to 2.15. 3. By the results which puts out the statistics in sex, a pain rate of male changed from 8.75 to 2.50, a pain rate of female 7.92 to 1.92. Intentional difference is none as a therapy. By the results which puts out the statistics in age, after forties changed from 7.78 to 2.22 and before forties changed from 7.90 to 1.92. By the results which puts out the statistics in disc herniation, pain rate of central type changed from 8.29 to 2.29, pain rate of left type changed from 8.20 to 1.40, pain rate of Right type changed from 8.00 to 4.00.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.284-287
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• 2001

Three dogs referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul National University were diagnosed as intervertebral disc disease. Physical examination, neurologic examination, survey radiograph, and myelography were performed in patients. Case 1 showed narrowing intervertebral space and calcified intervertebral disc material in survey radiograph. Case 2 showed increased opacity in the intervertebral opacity in survey radiograph. All of 3 cases showed extradural pattern during myelography. In survey radiography, radiographic signs consistent with intervertebral disc herniations include narrowing of the disc space and the dorsal intervertebral articular process joint space, small intervertebral foramen, increase opacity in the intervertebral foramen and extruded, mineralized disc material within the vertebral canal. Myelography is useful for evaluating the spinal cord and the cauda equina. Indication for myelography includes confirming a spinal lesion seen or suspected on survey radiograph, defining the extent of a survey lesion, finding a lesion not observed on survey radiograph, and distinguishing between surgical and nonsurgical lesion. In presentcases, two of three cases show radiographic signs of IVDD with survey radiograph and all of three case show extradural pattern during myelography. It is observed that intervertebral disc disease is one of the most important indication for radiographic examination and myelography of the vertebral column of small animals.