• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.351-366
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• 2014

We assumed the situation where an eruption column had been formed by the explosive Plinian eruption from Mt. Baekdu and that the collapse of eruption column had caused pyroclastic density currents to occur. Based on this assumption, we simulated by using a Titan2D model. To find out about the range of the impacts of pyroclastic density currents by volcanic eruption scenarios, we studied the distance for the range of the impacts by VEIs. To compare the results by each volcanic eruption scenario, we set the location of the vent on the 8-direction flank of the outer rim and on the center of the caldera, the internal friction angle of the pyroclastic density currents as $35^{\circ}$, the bed friction angle as $16^{\circ}$. We set the pile height of column collapse and the vent diameter with various VEIs. We properly assumed the height of the column collapse, the diameter of the vent, the initial rates of the column collapse and the simulation period, based on the VEIs, gravity and the volume of the collapsed volcanic ash. According to the comparative analysis of the simulation results based on the increase of the eruption, the higher VEI by the increase of eruption products, the farther the pyroclastic density currents disperse. To the northwest from the vent on the northeast slope of the outer rim of the caldera, the impact range was 3.3 km, 4.6 km, 13.2 km, 24.0 km, 50.2 km, 83.4 km or more from VEI=2 to VEI=7, respectively. Once the database has been fully constructed, it can be used as a very important material in terms of disaster prevention and emergency management, which aim to minimize human and material damages in the vicinity of Mt. Baekdu when its eruption causes the pyroclastic density currents to occur.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.53
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• pp.83-105
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of In-Flight Security Officer responsible for the security of the aircraft in the situation where Acts of Unlawful Interference in Aircraft shows an increasing tendency and the aircraft security is threatened by the terror threat of IS(Daesh) and to suggests its policy implications. Based on the problems of In-Flight Security Officer system found in the media reports and laws, the US Air Marshal system and the domestic similar system were presented to the In-Flight Security Officer developmental implications. First, it is necessary to revise the "Operational Guidelines for Airline Operators' In-Flight security officer" and the related qualifications to the "National Technical Qualifications" system. Second, the plan to change the national civil servants of In-Flight Security Officer in the aircraft, Third, it is a plan to use the registered security guard system in the aircraft. Although this study has limitations the accessibility of information related to aviation security. But, contributions of this study is that the government's efforts to create the public sector jobs, the "strengthening of public services in the country", "the establishment of national accountability for safety accident prevention and disaster safety management" in the "A five-year plan for Government Operation" that it has a timeliness in that it is together. In addition, since there are not many researches related to In-Flight Security Officer, this study also has another contribution as a basic study of the researchers in the aviation security aircraft in the future.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.93-99
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• 2016

This study tested the combustion characteristics of veneer specimens coated with four kinds of ammonium salts. Each veneer specimen was coated three times with 20 wt.% ammonium salt solutions at room temperature. After drying, the combustion characteristics of the specimens coated with chemicals, were investigated using the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1, 2). The specimens coated with monoammonium phosphate (MAPP) and, diammonium phosphate (DMPP) showed a 6.7% and, 10.0%, lower mean heat release rate ($HRR_{mean}$), respectively, than that of the uncoated specimen. On the other hand, the specimens coated with MAPP showed a 15.7% higher $CO_{peak}$ production rate and the specimens coated with DAPP showed by 8.2% lower rate than that of the uncoated specimen. The veneer coated with ammonium sulfate (AMSF) and DAPP showed a 9.6% and 33.3% lower the peak smoke production rate ($SPR_{peak}$) than that of the uncoated specimen. In addition, the time to the peak smoke extinction area ($SEA_{peak}$) was delayed by 38.4% in the specimens coated with DAPP than the uncoated specimen. Therefore, DAPP inhibited the combustion properties of the veneer and showed a tendency to reduce smoke production.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.155-162
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• 2019

In Korea, the relevant laws and regulations for fire safety in buildings have been revised. Since 2011, Performance-based Design has been conducted for large-scale or high-rise buildings. However, the Korea's performance-based design is still at a level where life safety evaluation using fire and evacuation simulation tools is compared with existing methods. Although related studies have been conducted continuously for the mandatory performance-based design, the fact that it is relatively unsatisfactory for design and construction of fire-fighting facilities as it mainly focuses on administrative and institutional improvement measures or computer simulation. This study collected 91 performance-based design documents that were carried out nationwide at the initial stage of implementation until 2016 to analyze the status of performance-based design of fire-fighting facilities. As a result, fire-fighting facilities, except for fire extinguish system facilities, were not properly designed for performance. Furthermore, the designers found that if corresponding facilities or higher-level equipment with upgraded performance is additionally installed, the performance-based design fared well compared to the existing the prescriptive-based design.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.52-58
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• 2020

The number of medical welfare facilities caring for the elderly with paralysis and dementia has been increasing rapidly because of the change in the way of supporting the elderly, stemming from an increase in the number of the elderly and working couples. These medical welfare facilities are usually installed all over the city and are gradually becoming high-rise. Few inmates are capable of making their own decisions in case of fire at night and when there are no escape routes such as ramps for evacuation, leading to massive casualties. This study aimed to identify problems in evacuation in the medical welfare facilities for the elderly in Goyang city. This city has the largest number of medical welfare facilities for the elderly per unit area. The following strategies could aid in better evacuation: secure ramps or bed escape elevators; the bedrooms of the inmates should have one-hour fire resistance; the stairs should have the structure of an enclosed stairway; the necessary apparatus for evacuation, such as an escape chute, should be installed; and, to conclude, a business agreement with neighboring agencies to help inmates escape during the fire. The state should implement necessary measures to protect the lives and property of the people. Rapid implementation of this proposal is necessary for the evacuation safety of an increasing number of medical welfare facilities for the elderly.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.707-718
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• 2004

This study is to analyze the Probable Maximum Flood(PMF) as a part of counterplan for the disaster prevention of hydraulic structures such as dams, according to recent unfavorable weather conditions. During the period of typhoon RUSA in August 2002, the rainfall recorded in Gang-loeng Province was 880mm a day and exceeded the scale of PMP made in 2001. Accordingly, the reconsideration of hydrologic criteria for dam design was inevitable. In the design of dams for flood controls, the design flood must be determined by introducing the concept of maximum values. When the duration of design rainfall is determined, it needs to use the critical duration which causes the maximum flood by the maximum runoff. In this study, we Investigate the variation of critical duration with hydrologic parameters used in three different synthetic unit hydrographs(Clark, Nakayasu and SCS methods). As a result, the total runoff calculated from 24-hour duration is larger than that calculated from the critical duration. We calculate also the hydrographs with three different time distribution models(Huff's 4-quartile, IDF curve and Mononobe) and compare those with measured hydrograph data. From this comparison, we propose that the Huff's 4-quartile model must be used to obtain the desirable data in the hydrologic design of dams.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.803-813
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• 2017

Recently, various studies have been conducted to optimize the pump operation scheduling and/or the pump/tank size minimizing the system cost of water distribution network. Prior to that, it is important to understand the sensitivity of pump/tank size on the system cost and overall water quality. Here, we have performed the sensitivity analysis to investigate the effect of pump/tank size on the economic cost (construction and operation) and water quality (water age). The analysis was applied on a real, large-scale water transmission network currently operating in South Korea. The results revealed that the pump/tank size has a strong influence on system construction/operation costs. Especially, the tank size has a significant effect on the system-wide water quality. In the case of applied networks, the operating cost decreases as the capacity of the facility increases, but the design cost increases. Using a sensitivity analysis, a suitable range of pump/tank size could be suggested to minimize costs and stabilize the water quality at the same time prior to a system design.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.spc1
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• pp.755-764
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• 2020

In South Korea, 850 standard watersheds and 7,807 KRF catchment areas have been used as basic maps for water resources policy establishment, however it becomes necessary to set up new standard maps with a more appropriate scale for the integrated managements of surface water-groundwater as well as water quantity-quality in the era of integrated water management. Since groundwater has a slow flow velocity and also has 3-D flow properties compared to surface water, the sub-catchment size is more effective than the regional watershed for the evaluation of surface water-groundwater interaction. The KRF catchment area, which has averagely a smaller area than the standard watershed, is similar to the sub-catchment area that generally includes the first-order or second-order tributaries. Some KRF catchment areas, which are based on the surface reach, are too small or large in a wide plain or high mountain area. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the existing KRF area if being used as a unit area for integrated management of surface-water and groundwater. A unit watershed with a KRF area of about 5 to 15 ㎢ can be effective as a basic unit for water management of local government considering a tributary composition and the location of groundwater wells, and as well it can be used as a basic tool for water demand-supply evaluation, hydrological observation system establishment, judgment of groundwater permission through a total quantity management system, pollution assessment, and prioritizing water policy, and etc.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.379-393
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• 2015

The fire damage has been increased as the frequency of fire incidence decreases with increasing in death and economic loss. Local governments are dependent on the activities of fire-fighters with crude preparedness and prevention for fire incidence. Most of researches on fire safety have focused on descriptive statistics which show general trends in fire incidence and condition. Here we tried to make a mutual causal model for fire damage, to make three big hypotheses with laying three small hypotheses under each big hypothesis. Five years statistics from public domains in the form of hardcopy or softcopy were collected and fifteen independent variables were selected to explain the number of death, the number of fire incidence and the amount of economic loss from fire incidence. The significances of statistics are different among the regional characteristics. The hypotheses were partially rejected and the meanings of rejected factors will refresh the tentative prejudice. It is necessary to revise the principle that the number of population and size of area are regarded as the most important criteria to allocate resources for fire control and to have the criteria flexible with results of our research such as the number of the weak to fire disaster.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.169-179
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• 2018

The Korean society has become increasingly concerned about the safety consciousness because of the Sewol Ferry disaster in April 2014. This shows the absence of social system and safety consciousness of Korean society that has been rapidly growing through fast industrialization. The purpose of this paper is to suggest guidelines for the production of a safety animation by approaching the discourse of public value. For this research process, first, literature review will be conducted by focusing on the safety culture, causes of safety accidents, safety education and educational effect using animation. Second, I will analyze 11 safety animation films by focusing on (1) construction of accident environment(narrative, character and background design) (2) exploration of dangerous elements and accident happening(accident type and dangerous elements, method of direction for accident happening, damage degree) (3) the guideline for safety behaviour. Third, guidelines for the production of safety animation will be suggested by analyzing the results of literature reviews and case studies in a comprehensive way. It is expected that this paper will be used as a basic data for academic research and animation production related to the safety accident.