• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.552-559
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• 2008

Ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate is an intermediate for the synthesis of Atorvastatin, a chiral drug used for hypercholesterolemia. A Rhodococcus erythropolisstrain (No.7) able to convert 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyronitrile into 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyric acid has recently been isolated from soil. This activity has been regarded as having been caused by the successive actions of the nitrile hydratase and amidase. In this instance, the corresponding amidase gene was cloned from the R. erythropolis strain and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. A soluble active form of amidase enzyme was obtained at $18^{\circ}C$. The Ni column-purified recombinant amidase was found to have a specific activity of 3.89 U/mg toward the substrate isobutyramide. The amidase was found to exhibit a higher degree of activity when used with mid-chain substrates than with short-chain ones. Put differently, amongst the various amides tested, isobutyramide and butyramide were found to be hydrolyzed the most rapidly. In addition to amidase activity, the enzyme was found to exhibit acyltransferase activity when hydroxyl amine was present. This dual activity has also been observed in other enzymes belonging to the same amidase group (E.C. 3.5.1.4). Moreover, the purified enzyme was proven to be able to enantioselectively hydrolyze 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyramide into the corresponding acid. The e.e. value was measured to be 52% when the conversion yield was 57%. Although this e.e. value is low for direct commercial use, molecular evolution could eventually result in this amidase being used as a biocatalyst for the production of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권9C호
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• pp.871-878
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• 2002

RZ-SSB(Real Zero-Single Sideband) 변조 기술을 이용하는 협대역 무전기용 송신기에 가장 핵심적인 부품들 중의 하나인 카테지안 루프 칩을 0.35$\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS 기술을 이용하여 설계하고 제작하였다. 직접변환 방식 및 카테지안 루프 칩을 이용하여 요구되는 부품 수를 줄임에 의하여 송신부의 저비용 및 소형화가 가능하고, 이를 통하여 송신 전력 효율 및 선형성을 향상시켰다. 또한 CMOS 기술을 통하여 저전력 구동이 가능하도록 하였다. 송신기 성능 시험 결과 개루프 시 약 37㏈m (5W) 의 송신 출력에서 카테지안 루프 칩을 구동하여 즉, 폐루프 상태에서 -23㏈c의 상호변조 왜곡 특성 개선 및 SSB 신호 특성을 -30㏈c 이하로 억압하였다. 또한, 상기 언급된 송신 특성 개선에 가장 영향을 미치는 성분들인 DC-offset 성분, 궤환 루프에서 발생하는 왜곡 성분을 보상하기 위한 루프 이득 및 위상 값들을 조정할 수 있도록 컴퓨터와의 외부 인터페이스를 구현하여 S/W적으로 이러한 값들을 제어할 수 있도록 프로그램화 하였다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.90.1-90.1
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• 2010

Due to the rapidly diminishing energy sources and higher energy production cost, the interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been increasing dramatically in recent years. A typical DSSC is constructed of wide band gap semiconductor electrode such as $TiO_2$ or ZnO that are anchored by light-harvesting sensitizer dyes and surrounded by a liquid electrolyte with a iodide ion/triiodide ion redox couple. DSSCs based on one-dimensional nano-structures, such as ZnO nanorods, have been recently attracting increasing attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transmittance, diverse and abundant configurations, direct band gap, absence of toxicity, large exiton binding energy, etc. However, solar-to-electrical conversion performances of DSSCs composed of ZnO n-type photo electrode compared with that of $TiO_2$ are not satisfactory. An important reason for the low photovoltaic performance is the dissolution of $Zn^{2+}$ by the adsorption of acidic dye followed by the formation of agglomerates with dye molecules which could block the I-diffusion pathway into the dye molecule on the ZnO surface. In this paper, we prepared the DSSC with the ZnO electrode using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method under low temperature condition (< $100^{\circ}C$). It was demonstrated that the ZnO seed layers played an important role on the formation of the ZnO nanostructures using CBD. To achieve truly low-temperature growth of the ZnO nanostructures on the substrates, a two-step method was developed and optimized in the present work. Firstly, ZnO seed layer was prepared on the FTO substrate through the spin-coating method. Secondly, the deposited ZnO seed substrate was immersed into an aqueous solution of 0.25M zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25M hexamethylenetetramine at $90^{\circ}C$ for hydrothermal reaction several times.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2013

다른 분율의 Cs이 포함된 Pt/$Cs_xH_{3-x}PW_{12}O_{40}$ 촉매를 제조하여 셀룰로우스의 폴리올로의 수소화분해반응를 수행하였다. 촉매의 비표면적과 Pt의 분산도는 Pt/$Cs_xH_{3-x}PW_{12}O_{40}$ 촉매의 Cs 함량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 그러나 Pt/$Cs_xH_{3-x}PW_{12}O_{40}$ 촉매의 Cs의 함량이 변함에도 불구하고 비슷한 폴리올 수득률을 보였다. Pt/$Cs_xH_{3-x}PW_{12}O_{40}$ 촉매의 반응 활성은 Ni/W/SBA-15와 두 가지의 복합촉매(Pt/AC+$H_3PW_{12}O_{40}$과 Pt/AC+$Cs_{3.0}PW_{12}O_{40}$)와 비슷하였다. 이 반응을 진행하는 동안 Pt/$Cs_xH_{3-x}PW_{12}O_{40}$ 촉매로부터 헤테로폴리 음이온이 침출되는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.594-600
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• 2017

HVDC transmission systems can be configured in many ways to take into account cost, flexibility and operational requirements. [1] For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and discharge the cable capacitance of each cycle. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may still be warranted, due to other benefits of direct current links. HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC transmission systems. Since the power flow through an HVDC link can be controlled independently of the phase angle between the source and the load, it can stabilize a network against disturbances due to rapid changes in power. HVDC also allows the transfer of power between grid systems running at different frequencies, such as 50 Hz and 60 Hz. This improves the stability and economy of each grid, by allowing the exchange of power between incompatible networks. This paper proposed to establish Korean HVDC technology through a cooperative agreement between KEPCO and LSIS in 2010. During the first stage (2012), a design of the ${\pm}80kV$ 60MW HVDC bipole system was created by both KEPCO and LSIS. The HVDC system was constructed and an operation test was completed in December 2012. During the second stage, the pole#2 system was fully replaced with components that LSIS had recently developed. LSIS also successfully completed the operation test. (2014.3)

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.76.1-76.1
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• 2015

Optical resonances of metallic or dielectric nanoantennas enable to effectively convert free-propagating electromagnetic waves to localized electromagnetic fields and vice versa. Plasmonic resonances of metal nanoantennas extremely modify the local density of optical states beyond the optical diffraction limit and thus facilitate highly-efficient light-emitting, nonlinear signal conversion, photovoltaics, and optical trapping. The leaky-mode resonances, or termed Mie resonances, allow dielectric nanoantennas to have a compact size even less than the wavelength scale. The dielectric nanoantennas exhibiting low optical losses and supporting both electric and magnetic resonances provide an alternative to their metallic counterparts. To extend the utility of metal and dielectric nanoantennas in further applications, e.g. metasurfaces and metamaterials, it is required to understand and engineer their scattering characteristics. At first, we characterize resonant plasmonic antenna radiations of a single-crystalline Ag nanowire over a wide spectral range from visible to near infrared regions. Dark-field optical microscope and direct far-field scanning measurements successfully identify the FP resonances and mode matching conditions of the antenna radiation, and reveal the mutual relation between the SPP dispersion and the far-field antenna radiation. Secondly, we perform a systematical study on resonant scattering properties of high-refractive-index dielectric nanoantennas. In this research, we examined Si nanoblock and electron-beam induced deposition (EBID) carbonaceous nanorod structures. Scattering spectra of the transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) leaky-mode resonances are measured by dark-field microscope spectroscopy. The leaky-mode resonances result a large scattering cross section approaching the theoretical single-channel scattering limit, and their wide tuning ranges enable vivid structural color generation over the full visible spectrum range from blue to green, yellow, and red. In particular, the lowest-order TM01 mode overcomes the diffraction limit. The finite-difference time-domain method and modal dispersion model successfully reproduce the experimental results.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.770-776
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 일반적인 six-port 수신기의 한 구성 성분인 BPSK 수신기와 반사형 위상 천이기를 이용하여 QPSK 신호를 복조하는 방법을 제안, 검증하고자 한다. 기존의 일반적인 곱셈 혼합 방식이나 덧셈 혼합 방식의 I/Q 복조기는 혼합기부터 parallel-to-serial 변환기까지 I/Q 경로가 분리되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 I/Q baseband 신호 경로의 분리가 없는 새로운 I/Q 복조기를 제안한다. 이는 일반적인 수신기에 비하여 baseband 경로의 회로 크기와 전력 소모를 반으로 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 또한, 데이터 복조 후 parallel-to-serial 변환기가 사용될 필요가 없다. 설계된 복조기 모듈은 L-band 반송파 주파수의 데이터 율 20 Mbps까지의 QPSK 변조 신호를 성공적으로 복조하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.442-450
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 직접 변환 방식의 UHF RFID 수신기에서 사용되는 위상 다이버시티의 특성을 분석하고, 태그 변조 방식에 따른 최적의 I/Q 신호 결합 방법을 제시한다. 먼저 위상 다이버시티를 사용하지 않고 단일 채널 수신기를 구성했을 때 송신 신호와 국부발진기 신호 사이의 거리에 따른 위상차에 의해 발생하는 페이딩 특성을 분석하여 위상 다이버시티의 필요성을 보였다. 다음으로 이러한 페이딩 특성에 따른 수신 신호의 감쇄 특성을 극복하기 위한 최적의 I와 Q 채널의 결합 방법을 제안하였다. ASK의 경우, AWGN 환경에서 I와 Q 채널의 전력 평균값이 최적 신호 결합 방법임을 확인하였고, PSK의 경우는 최적 신호 결합 방법으로 arctangent 방법 및 principal component 결합 방법을 제안하였다. 제시된 결합 방법의 성능 비교를 위해 시간 파형 및 심볼 에러확률 성능을 I와 Q 패널 중 최적의 SNR 값을 갖는 패널을 선택하는 선택 다이버시티와 비교하여 분석하였다. 이론 분석 및 시뮬레이션 결과, 제시된 방법이 선택 다이버시티에 비해 최대 3 dB의 SNR 개선 효과를 가짐을 확인하였다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.35.1-35.1
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• 2011

New photovoltaic (PV) materials and manufacturing approaches are needed for meeting the demand for lower-cost solar cells. The prototypal thin-film photovoltaic absorbers (CdTe and $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$) can achieve solar conversion efficiencies of up to 20% and are now commercially available, but the presence of toxic (Cd,Se) and expensive elemental components (In, Te) is a real issue as the demand for photovoltaics rapidly increases. To overcome these limitations, there has been substantial interest in developing viable alternative materials, such as $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) is an emerging solar absorber that is structurally similar to CIGS, but contains only earth abundant, non-toxic elements and has a near optimal direct band gap energy of 1.4~1.6 ev and a large absorption coefficient of ${\sim}10^4\;cm^{-1}$. The CZTS absorber layers are grown and investigated by various fabrication methods, such as thermal evaporation, e-beam evaporation with a post sulfurization, sputtering, non-vacuum sol-gel, pulsed laser, spray-pyrolysis method and electrodeposition technique. In the present work, we report an alternative method for large area deposition of CZTS thin films that is potentially high throughput and inexpensive when used to produce monolithically integrated solar panel modules. Specifically, we have developed an aqueous chemical approach based on chemical bath deposition (CBD) with a subsequent sulfurization heat treatment. Samples produced by our method were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, absorbance and photoluminescence. The results show that this inexpensive and relatively benign process produces thin films of CZTS exhibiting uniform composition, kesterite crystal structure, and good optical properties. A preliminary solar cell device was fabricated to demonstrate rectifying and photovoltaic behavior.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

기존의 six-port 위상 상관기는 한 개의 Wilkinson power divider와 세 개의 $90^{\circ}$ Hybrid coupler로 구성된다. 일반적으로 Wilkinson power divider의 대역폭은 최대 18%이고 $90^{\circ}$ hybrid coupler의 대역폭은 최대 10%이기 때문에 기존 six-port 제작시 10% 미만의 대역 특성을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 대역폭이 33 %인 2 단 Wilkinson power divider와 15 % 대역폭 향상을 갖는 정합된 $90^{\circ}$ hybrid coupler를 이용하여 six-port 위상 상관기를 중심 주파수 2.5 GHz에서 설계 및 제작하였다. ADS를 이용한 시뮬레이션 결과 제안된 six-port 위상 상관기의 RF port와 LO port에서의 대역폭이 약 14% 증가하였으며, 실제 제작한 six-port 위상 상관기의 대역폭은 시뮬레이션 결과와 비슷하게 약 12% 이었다. 또한 대역폭내의 최대 위상 오차와 삽입 손실은 각각 $6^{\circ}$와 2.5 dB를 얻을 수 있었다.